Writing with Technology Essay - 1488 Words

Writing with Technology The task was seemingly straightforward; create a piece of writing without using a single form of technology. I didn’t think this would be much of a problem. I figured I could hand-write something instead of typing it or using a word processor and that would meet the requirements of the project. However, according to Dennis Baron in his essay From Pencils to Pixels the pencil is, in fact, a form of technology. Evidently, it was invented â€Å"by joiners, woodworkers specializing in making furniture, to scribe measurements for wood† (Tribble/Trubek, 42). Adding further to my obstacles, paper, being a created object, was not an option as well. This was turning out to be harder than I thought. After I pondered and†¦show more content†¦For the base of my project, I arranged rows of sticks that I would tie together with the vines. I tried to pull the vines apart to make them easier to tie with, as I had seen Tom Hanks do in the movie Cast Away, but I was unable to te ar a strip that was much longer than the length of my finger. The vines, also being quite slippery from the juice inside the stems, would simply not allow me to get a very good grip on them. Foregoing the vine idea, I decided to try and pack dirt on top of the sticks to create a forced base. Although the dirt was moist, it still wouldn’t pack well and kept cracking and crumbling. After laboring to press grass stems into the dirt, while picking up the pieces of mud that were accumulating at my feet, I finally got the first word imprinted with the grass and was finally ready to put the berry stems in it to make the word stand out against the black of the dirt base. When I plucked the berry from its stem, a deep red juice oozed onto my fingertips. The idea struck me like a lightening bolt! I could use the berry juice as ink and write on one of the pieces of wood I had gathered from the yard. I suddenly felt very foolish for not thinking of this much simpler project earlier. I took a piece of bark and used it as a bowl and smashed four berries onto it with the end of a stick. I then took another piece of bark and on it wrote, â€Å"from thisShow MoreRelatedEssay on Writing and Technology1120 Words   |  5 PagesWriting and Technology The fact that we do not commonly feel the influence of writing on our thoughts shows that we have interiorized the technology of writing so deeply that without tremendous effort we cannot separate it from ourselves or even recognize its presence and influence (Ong, 317). In this modern age of computers, disposable pens, and mechanical pencils, it is easy to forget that at one time writing was not so simple or convenient. Most of us have . . . become so used toRead More Inventing A Writing Technology Essay examples1511 Words   |  7 PagesInventing A Writing Technology According to Walter Ong, an influential scholar of the relationship between technology and media, Literacy is imperious. It tends to arrogate to itself supreme power by taking itself as normative for human expression and thought. This is particularly true in high-technology cultures, which are built on literacy of necessity and which encourage the impression that literacy is an always to be expected and even natural state of affairs (316). Ong would probablyRead MoreTechnology Has Impacted Students Writing771 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology has advanced tremendously over the years especially in our education systems. Educators are now able to serve multiple people because of technology, having the ability to earn higher level of education online is just one example. There are some opposing sides to the rapid advancement of technology in the classroom. Digital impact in the classroom has impacted students writing. Reflecting back to my first course of this program, I struggle with writing before enrolling in this class butRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Technology On Manual Script Writing1431 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Technology is just a tool. In terms of getting the kids working together and motivating them, the teacher is the most important† (Bill Gates). During the writer’s time in the classroom as a teacher, she has found that technology is very beneficial inside and outside of the classroom. However, she can see the negative effects that technology has on manual script writing for elementary school students. Sometimes the writer has had a hard time understanding some of her students handwriting andRead More Platos Views on the Technology of Writing Essay example1004 Words   |  5 PagesPlatos Views on the Technology of Writing In the book Phaedrus Plato offers a lot of criticism for a writing technology that not many of us would ever think as writing technology, let alone criticize it. This writing technology is none other than writing itself. When people think of writing technology they mostly think of the printing press, the computer, the typewriter and such. Yet no one stops to think of writing. Writing has had such a major impact on society that who wouldRead MoreTechnology Is A Helpful Tool For Teaching The Writing Process1478 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology is a helpful tool for teaching the writing process, and Marchisan and Alber (2001) concluded that writers can be taught to write using the writing process approach paired with tools of technology, direct instruction, and committed well-trained teachers. Graham, (2008), Graham and Perin (2007a), and Rogers and Graham, (2008), agreed that technology makes the process of writing easier and often provides very specific types of sup port. Word processing provides at least four advantages:Read MoreEssay on Business Writing on Electronic Signature Technology1674 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Writing on Electronic Signature Technology During our February 3 meeting, upper level management expressed concerns about not being able to deal with customer accounts online. We discussed some of the problems they encounter when trying to process transactions online. We agreed some changes needed to be made and that new technology needs to be researched for our online business transactions. The use of electronic signatures was at the top of our list. Many of our competitors haveRead MoreThe Effects Of Technology Enhanced Formative Assessment On Student Writing818 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of technology-enhanced formative assessment on student writing in terms of grammatical accuracy and writing quality in English learning contexts and on student motivation. This chapter discusses several areas in the literature and previous studies related to feedback and student writing in second and foreign language settings. This literature review begins with an overview of feedback from sociocultural perspectives. The zone of proximal developmentRead MoreEssay about The Role of Technology in Kurt Vonneguts Writing2806 Words   |  12 PagesbOutline/b br brThesis: Technology is the villain in Kurt Vonneguts works because of his hatred of corporate insensitivity and his awareness of the destructive social impact of science and technology. br brI. Kurt Vonnegut has a great awareness of the de structive social impact of science and technology. brA. Contraptions that Vonnegut calls social transplants replace contact with the awful real relatives and friends with synthetic ones. br1. Computers minimize human contact evenRead More Advancement in Technology: How it has Lead to a Decrease in Writing Skills1647 Words   |  7 PagesAdvancement in Technology: How it has Lead to a Decrease in Writing Skills It’s the 21st century, and technology is rapidly moving more into peoples everyday lives, especially as the interest in computers grow. The advancement with computers alone has increased drastically, faster than some would have ever imagined. For the most part, this advancement in computer technology has skyrocketed businesses and eased our lives as a whole in society. However, technology doesn’t always have

Essay about Argument Supporting Gay Marriage - 2223 Words

Lindsey and Beth, a lesbian couple, have been living together for eleven years. Lindsey conceived two children from a sperm donor. Together, Lindsey and Beth turned their house into a loving home for their two children. One day, on the way home from the grocery store, Lindsey was killed in a tragic car accident. Before Beth could even grasp the situation, the children that she helped raise from birth had been taken away and placed into the care of Lindseys parents, who never were a part of their lives because they did not accept Lindseys homosexuality. In addition, the house that Beth and Lindsey lived in for eleven years was taken away from Beth. How did this happen to Beth? Well, if Lindsey and Beth could have been legally married†¦show more content†¦According to David Moats, by the late 1980s an increasing number of lesbian couples around the country were having babies (83). Rauch, validates Moats by saying, Of the 594,000 same-sex couples counted by the Census Bureau in its 2000 survey of American households, 28 percent - just over a third of lesbian couples and just over a fifth of make couples - had children (74). A major consequence of homosexual couples that engage in long-term relationships is the danger to children because children need the stability of married parents. In a heterosexual relationship, marriage laws protect children in case something happens to the parents such as death. If the mother dies in a traditional marriage, the father will have custody of the children, whereas in a homosexual relationship, the partner who may have raised the child from birth is not entitled to the protections and benefits that marriage brings. Thus, the child not only has to deal with the loss of the parent that died, but also the parent that does not have legal rights to gain custody. Rauch adds, Everything we know about children suggests they do best in stable homes, and everything we know about homes suggests that marriage makes them more stable (75). The security of a family greatly impacts the development of a child. The legal rights that marriage offers would protect homosexuals in theirShow MoreRelated Argument Supporting Gay Marriage Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pagesright for same-sex couples to marry. Marriage is defined as a sacred bond of love between two people. Gay people also feel love therefore, they should be allowed the same rights as everyone else in this country. Homosexuality is an accepted lifestyle nowadays with a proven biological causation. The only thing that should matter in marriage is love and denying them this is a violation of religious freedom. According to studies done by Simon LeVey, being gay is a biological cause, not a choiceRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Our Society1301 Words   |  6 Pagesissue that has been advanced around the world is the topic of Gay Marriage and whether or not it should be legalised. The situation I provided at the start provides a real world scenario for most homosexual people within Australia. In analysing this issue it is important to study the lobby and political groups on either side of this argument to gain a more complete picture of this controversial issue. Moreover, when evaluating the arguments these groups put have forward, this should be done in synthesisRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal966 Words   |  4 PagesGay marriage is one of the most debated and controversial issues in today’s society. Everyone has his or her opinions on gay marriage, whether it is acceptable or should not be allowed. According to The Washington post, â€Å"59 percent say they support s ame-sex marriage while 34 percent are opposed†(Craighil, P., Clement). While 59% of the supporting gay is a high number, however that number is skewed. There is a difference between tolerance and acceptance, but the 59% is the total of the both. PeopleRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legal? Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesShould gay marriage be legal? Gay marriage should be legal because as woman and man, all individuals have the same right in society; because same-sex couples can constitute a good based family; because it is just a way to make official a common union nowadays, even with the religious issue; because it is not related to polygamy; and because love matters and it does not differ in nature according to the sex of its object or the person who experiences it. The first reason why same sex marriageRead MoreEssay Gay Marriage Should Be Legal889 Words   |  4 PagesOn June 26, 2015, the US Supreme Court ruled that the US Constitution guarantees the right for same-sex couples to marry. Should gay marriages really be allowed? Has the Supreme Court ruled in error? Gay marriage should be legal because all individuals have the same right in society; because same-sex couples can constitute a good based family; because it is just a way to make official a common union nowadays, even with the religious issue; because it is not related to polygamy; and because loveRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1019 Words   |  5 PagesIn Defense of Gay Marriage Right now our country is still dealing with one of the bigger social issues that plagues our society. People will argue for and against it in many different ways, whether it be right or wrong. The issue at hand is whether gay marriage should be legal or illegal. There are arguments on both sides of the spectrum, but at the end of the day gay marriage should be legal in all 50 states. Marriage is a right and freedom that should not be denied to any one person because ofRead MoreGay Marriage Critique Paper1016 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 101 Critique of Bennett’s â€Å"Gay Marriage: Not a Very Good Idea.† Gay Marriage is always an argumentative topic in our society today, or perhaps the most controversial issue in 21st century is the concept of accepting homosexual marriage into our life as a way that we viewed the normal marriage. Gay marriage is always a debatable topic in both political and ethnical ways, because the idea of same sex marriage is against people’s norm. By the definition of Marriage today is different than traditionalRead MoreArgument Analysis on Gay Marriage1483 Words   |  6 PagesArgument Analysis on Gay Marriage There are many controversies surrounding todays world, such as abortion, animal testing, and social reform issues. It seems that no one can come to a common agreement on the legitimacy of these topics. Personal characteristics, such as upbringing, culture, religion and ethnicity, all play a role in determining ones feelings on a given controversial issue. However, one of the most protested and discussed issues in current political debate is same-sex marriage. ThereRead More A Critique of Thomas B. Stoddard’s Gay Marriages: Make Them Legal1098 Words   |  5 Pages Thomas B. Stoddard’s â€Å"Gay Marriages: Make Them Legal† is a successfully written argument with some minor flaws in technique. Stoddard uses this article to present his major claim, or central thesis, on the reasons gay marriage should be legalized. He presents his argument using minor claims. In a lecture on February 2, 2005, James McFadden stated a minor claim is the secondary claim in an argument. Stoddard uses minor claims in his discussion of homosexual people being denied their rightsRead MoreShould Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized in the United States Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesDebate Paper Should same sex marriage be legalized in the United States? In some of our states laws have already been passed to allow same sex couples the freedom to get married, while other states are still resisting for one reason or another. As with everything else there is more than one side, more than one argument supporting and more than one argument resisting the changes being proposed. There are religious reasons, moral reasons, constitutional reasons and financial reasons being used by both

Aviation Safety Technical Description

Question: Discuss about the Aviation Safety for Technical Description. Answer: Introduction Aviation safety is defined as the term that encompasses the hazards, failures and technical description related to flights. This is actually concerned with the safety management system (SMS) of the aviation industry (Chittaro and Buttussi2015). The safety measures explained with respect to some key elements in case of the aviation safety. This report is elaborating the important elemens in aviation safety management system. This aspect will introduce some factors that will describe the safety management system in aviation industry. Aviation safety Generally safety management system comprised of four key elements within it: Policies of safety, safety risk management, assurance of safety and promotion of safety (Cui and Li 2015). The aviation safety management system is also described with respect to these four elements. Aviation safety policies Safety policies of aviation industry are comprised of the commitments of the senior management to provide the improved safety measures and organizational structure for the civilians. The following commitments are fall under the safety policies in case of aviation: Development of the safety culture among all aviation activities that highlights the importance of the efficient aviation safety management system (Koo et al.2015). Development of accountabilities and responsibilities of the staffs for delivering the aviation safety strategy and performance Minimization of the risk factors related to the aircraft operations and service that impacts upon the safety standards of the aviation SMS (Matthewset al.2014). Activation of the safety standards that ensures the world class standards in aviation safety. Assurance of the safety standards of the staffs working in the aviation set up. Application of proper safety strategies in order to reduce the risk factor involved in the aviation industry. Measurement of the safety standards with respect to the trained and skilled resources Activation of the regulatory acts for the sake of safety measures in aviation industry (Mills et al.2016). Aviation safety risk management (SRM) Safety risk management in aviation sector is mainly concerned with the risks and opportunities faced by the pilot in the flights (Ornato and Peberdy 2014). These factors are: plan, plane, pilot, passengers and programming. Plan: This aspect involves the scheduled structure before taking off. This introduces the cross country planning: current position, fuel, route and weather (Oster et al. 2013). These plans should be verified an updated time to time before and during the flight is taking off or having its journey. Plane: Plane and the plan are two interrelated components for the pilots. Plane introduces the array of mechanical and cosmetic aspect that one pilot can easily identify (Rungtaet al.2013). The plane can be expanded to explain the current status, automation etc. Pilot: Pilot is the important part of the flights that handles all the circumstantial situations in the flight, weather it may be technical or any other kind of situation. Passengers: The interaction techniques differs the SRM from CRM (Chittaro and Buttussi 2015). The pilot with a single engine flight builds friendly relationship with passengers but in case of CRM it is not possible. Programming: The advancement of avionics in aircrafts makes the safety measures more innovative and interesting. Assurance of aviation safety The third element of the aviation safety management system is concerned with the overall effectiveness of the risk assessed and opportunities identified. The vulnerable situation faced by the passengers and pilot of the aircraft specifies the area of concern that needs to be assured with the safety measures (Cui and Li 2015). The data collection done according to the 5Ps of the aircraft helps to recognize the risk factors. Aviation industry must look into this matter as their first priority is to provide the safety to their passengers as well as to their concerned employees. This aspect makes the organization more responsible and accountable for maintaining the safety measures. The risk control and measure of the risk factors introduces the next step as the safety assurance (Koo et al. 2015). This safety assurance helps the aviation industry to gain the confidence of their employees and passengers and make the SMS plan effective from various perspectives. Promotion of aviation safety Promotion of the aviation safety considers the safety policies and objectives of the aviation SMS. Promotional improvement of the aviation safety has mainly two components: risk assessment and safety assurance (Matthewset al. 2014). The risk assessment aspect should be concerned with respect to the 5Ps: plane, pilot, programming, plan and passengers. These five aspects make the promotional and risk assessment aspect clear. Promotion of the safety measures involves the policies of aviation industry with the process implemented within it. Aviation safety promotion set up a limit for the organizational and individual behaviour (Mills et al.2016). The policies and process implemented within the aviation safety measures the effort of the aviation safety. Aviation is considered with respect to the generally an ideal situation that does not consider any accident but in reality these measures are considered with respect to the accidental measures that may happen or had occurred previously. These aspects make the impact of aviation safety promotion clear. According to the ICAO the aviation safety promotion have two main components within it: a) education and training, b) safety communication. To maintain the value of safety promotion the aviation team should build their skills properly to have thee clear knowledge about aviation industry (Ornato and Peberdy2014). In this case, education and training is very important. In addition to this, any measures can only be successful by proper communication only. Therefore, safety communication is also necessary. Conclusion Aviation safety measures are very important for assuring the safety of the passengers as well as the employees. In this assignment explained about the impact of the safety measures within the aviation industry. In the contemporary situation technology has been developed up to that extend that this introduced so many hazardous situations. Aviation industry is not an exceptional one in this case. Therefore, the analysis of the safety measures in aviation industry should also be carried out in order to maintain safety. This assignment mainly explained the key elements of the aviation safety in detailed manner. References Chittaro, L. and Buttussi, F., 2015.Assessing knowledge retention of an immersive serious game vs. a traditional education method in aviation safety.IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics,21(4), pp.529-538. Cui, Q. and Li, Y., 2015. The change trend and influencing factors of civil aviation safety efficiency: The case of Chinese airline companies.Safety science,75, pp.56-63. Koo, T.T., Caponecchia, C. and Williamson, A., 2015. Measuring the effect of aviation safety risk reduction on flight choice in young travellers.Safety science,73, pp.1-7. Matthews, B.L., Das, S., Bhaduri, K., Das, K., Martin, R., Oza, N.C., Srivastava, A.N. and Stutz, J., 2014.Discovering Anomalous Aviation Safety Events Using Scalabl, PP- 100-500. Mills, R.W., Koliba, C.J. and Reiss, D.R., 2016. Ensuring Compliance From 35,000 Feet Accountability and Trade-Offs in Aviation Safety Regulatory Networks.Administration Society, p.0095399716656223. Ornato, J.P. and Peberdy, M.A., 2014. Applying lessons from commercial aviation safety and operations to resuscitation.Resuscitation,85(2), pp.173-176. Oster, C.V., Strong, J.S. and Zorn, C.K., 2013. Analyzing aviation safety: Problems, challenges, opportunities.Research in transportation economics,43(1), pp.148-164. Rungta, N., Brat, G., Clancey, W.J., Linde, C., Raimondi, F., Seah, C. and Shafto, M., 2013, May. Aviation safety: modeling and analyzing complex interactions between humans and automated systems. InProceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Application and Theory of Automation in Command and Control Systems(pp. 27-37).ACM.

Act 1 Scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet demonstrates Shakespeares skill as a dramatist. It is central to the development of the plot as a whole Essay Example For Students

Act 1 Scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet demonstrates Shakespeares skill as a dramatist. It is central to the development of the plot as a whole Essay Act 1 Scene 5 is definitely the most the most influential scene in the play. It supplies us with the meeting of Romeo and Juliet whose love affair advances the play. Shakespeare shows his skill as a dramatist in his use of language, imagery, change of pace, characterization and timing. He uses these skills to link this scene with those that come before it and to entertain and create suspense for the audience. When Romeo first sees Juliet he is amazed by her beauty and this comes out in his language. So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows. This tells us that Juliet stood out from everyone else like a dove would if it were to fly with crows. A snowy dove also gives us the impression that she was pure and that she was a virgin. The measure done, Ill watch her place of stand. This line explains how bewitched Romeo is by the beauty of Juliet because even thought the dance has finished he cant take his eyes of her even for one second. Did my heart love till now? Doubt occurs in Romeos mind when he sees Juliet because he thought he loved Roseline, but he couldnt have been in love with her because he now loves Juliet and he forgets about her very easily. Oh she doth teach the torches to burn bright. This is a hyperbole (a gross exaggeration). Yet it tells us what Romeo saw in Juliet and is a line which explains to us what drove him to further actions in the play. In this part of the play Shakespeare uses similes such as Ethiops ear in comparison to describe Juliets beauty. He uses alliteration teach the torches to keep a general rhythm throughout this speech. This is aided by the use of rhyming couplets bright-night, crows-shows and ear-dear. This shows definite rhythm to his speech. The one time when the speed changes, is when Romeo asks himself a question. The pace increase fot this statement and then returns to its original speed. By chance Tybalt overhears Romeos comment and reacts viciously. His response to Romeos presence is important in the overall context of the play, as is the strong talking to he receives from Capulet. What dares the slave come hither, covered with an antic face. Tybalt is angry here he says, how dare an enemy come here, disguised in a mask where he believes no one will recognize him. To strike him dead I hold it not a sin. Tybalt now considers killing Romeo because he has no place at this party and that even if he were to kill him he wouldnt consider it to be wrong. Tybalts anger could be a result of the fight that took place in scene 1 even though Romeo was not evolved. Fortunately for Romeo, Capulet intervenes before Tybalt can take any serious action. And to say truth, Verona brags of him to be a virtuous and well governed youth. Capulet explains to Tybalt that Romeo is a pleasant youth and that he should let well alone, so that his party does not get ruined. Tybalt doesnt agree to this and says: Ill not endure him. This is met by a rough reply from Capulet which changes the pace of this part of the scene. He shall be endured. Shakespeare uses repetitions of the phrase go to here to the point over that Tybalt should leave well alone. Shakespeare also uses rhetorical questions to convey Capulets power. .u90da915d92c0b0d8cd2b8fba341bb8d9 , .u90da915d92c0b0d8cd2b8fba341bb8d9 .postImageUrl , .u90da915d92c0b0d8cd2b8fba341bb8d9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u90da915d92c0b0d8cd2b8fba341bb8d9 , .u90da915d92c0b0d8cd2b8fba341bb8d9:hover , .u90da915d92c0b0d8cd2b8fba341bb8d9:visited , .u90da915d92c0b0d8cd2b8fba341bb8d9:active { border:0!important; } .u90da915d92c0b0d8cd2b8fba341bb8d9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u90da915d92c0b0d8cd2b8fba341bb8d9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u90da915d92c0b0d8cd2b8fba341bb8d9:active , .u90da915d92c0b0d8cd2b8fba341bb8d9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u90da915d92c0b0d8cd2b8fba341bb8d9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u90da915d92c0b0d8cd2b8fba341bb8d9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u90da915d92c0b0d8cd2b8fba341bb8d9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u90da915d92c0b0d8cd2b8fba341bb8d9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u90da915d92c0b0d8cd2b8fba341bb8d9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u90da915d92c0b0d8cd2b8fba341bb8d9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u90da915d92c0b0d8cd2b8fba341bb8d9 .u90da915d92c0b0d8cd2b8fba341bb8d9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u90da915d92c0b0d8cd2b8fba341bb8d9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Antigone As Drama EssayYoull not endure him? Tybalt agrees but remarks. I will withdraw, but this intrusion shall, Now seeming sweet, convert to bitterest gall. Tybalt is even angrier than before. He will search for Romeo in Act 3 scene 1 and this will eventually result in the deaths of Mercutio and himself. The next event is when Romeo and Juliet meet. This is the turning point in the play and is therefore the most important part of the play. The meeting of the two lovers has to be spectacular. Shakespeare does a great job he conveys their openings words through a sonnet, the most romantic way possible, which they share and create. The sonnet is beautiful it captures perfectly the awkwardness of the moment yet perfectly conveying the twos feelings towards each other. He carefully slips in a religious idea as well in this sonnet with the central image of a pilgrim worshiping at a shrine this underlines the depth and purity of their love. Shakespeare conveys Romeo and Juliets love even more through the rhyme in the sonnet. There are three verses of four lines or quatrains and a final rhyming couplet. When you look closely at the sonnet, you will see the first quatrain is given to Romeo ant the second to Juliet. The lovers share the next four lines and between them they compos the final couplet. What makes the poetry so effective is that it is as if each is instantly on each others wavelength. A sure sign that they are in love! To the end of the scene both Romeo and Juliet become more and more impatient to know who each other is. When the nurse comes to collect Juliet because your mother craves a word with you, Romeo asks the question of who her mother is, he is confronted with the reply. Her mother is the lady of the house. To this he replies, Is she a Capulet? My life is my foes dept. Romeo finds out that Juliet is a Capulet, the child of his great enemy. He is shocked and confused so he decides to keep it from Mercutio and the other Montagues but complications later arrive in Act 3 scene 1. When Juliet requires the knowledge of who Romeo is her indirectness in telling the nurse which man interests her displays her youth and shyness. When the nurse returns with the information Juliet is distraught to find out that Romeo is a Montague and the only son of her worst enemy. She replies, My only love sprung from the only hate, Too early seen unknown, and known to late! Juliet explains that she saw him to early when he was unknown to her, and that by the time she knew who he was she was already in love with him. Although before she finds this information out she says something quite poignant. My grave is like my wedding bed. This is interesting because what happens later in the play. Even though Romeo is a Montague, she will continue her love affair with Romeo and marry him but will keep it a secret from her family until the killing of Tybalt by Romeo means that she can never reveal it. This is most certainly the most important part of the play. Although it nearly didnt happen Romeo was experiencing fits of depression brought on by his love of Roseline, which is understandable to Shakespeares audience because love was supposed to be a painful matter. Luckily though Benvolio, even though he is a good man, tells Romeo he should look elsewhere to find love and convinces him to go to the party. Romeo goes to the party but rejects the idea from Benvolio, though ironically it is precisely what happens. Still before Romeo arrives at the party in Act 1 scene 4 he predicts that something terrible would happen that night. Nothing bad happened that night though, but as a result bad things were to come of that night. .u2f4d0c5d1637c9d9fdd39b029e77b80c , .u2f4d0c5d1637c9d9fdd39b029e77b80c .postImageUrl , .u2f4d0c5d1637c9d9fdd39b029e77b80c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2f4d0c5d1637c9d9fdd39b029e77b80c , .u2f4d0c5d1637c9d9fdd39b029e77b80c:hover , .u2f4d0c5d1637c9d9fdd39b029e77b80c:visited , .u2f4d0c5d1637c9d9fdd39b029e77b80c:active { border:0!important; } .u2f4d0c5d1637c9d9fdd39b029e77b80c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2f4d0c5d1637c9d9fdd39b029e77b80c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2f4d0c5d1637c9d9fdd39b029e77b80c:active , .u2f4d0c5d1637c9d9fdd39b029e77b80c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2f4d0c5d1637c9d9fdd39b029e77b80c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2f4d0c5d1637c9d9fdd39b029e77b80c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2f4d0c5d1637c9d9fdd39b029e77b80c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2f4d0c5d1637c9d9fdd39b029e77b80c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2f4d0c5d1637c9d9fdd39b029e77b80c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2f4d0c5d1637c9d9fdd39b029e77b80c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2f4d0c5d1637c9d9fdd39b029e77b80c .u2f4d0c5d1637c9d9fdd39b029e77b80c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2f4d0c5d1637c9d9fdd39b029e77b80c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How does Antonio persuade Sebastian to betray Alonso in Act 2 Scene 1 of the Tempest Essay ExampleIn Act 3 scene 1 Mercutio, Benvolio and others meet in the street on a hot day in Verona. Tybalt arrives looking for Romeo and the opportunity to fight him. Romeo then joins the group, but unknown to his friends fresh from his wedding to Juliet. Romeo attempts to avoid conflict with Tybalt but Mercutio, mistakes Romeos reluctance for cowardice and starts to fence with Tybalt. Romeo doesnt want the fight to persist and steps between them but Mercutio is accidentally and fatally wounded and Tybalt flees. When Romeo finally catches up with Tybalt he is incensed and fights and kil ls Tybalt, then he also flees. In Romeos absence he is sentenced by the prince to immediate banishment on pain of death. This may never have happened if it werent for Act 1 scene 5 where Tybalt sees Romeo at the party. Due to this event Juliet can never tell anyone who she is married to. The last lines of Act 1 scene5 when Juliet says My grave is like to be my wedding-bed. These lines are particularly significant when you discover what happens to Juliet in the end of the play. In Shakespeares time it would have been possibly more difficult to create such elements of the play such as darkness, than in todays theatres. Shakespeare would have overcome this problem by sending members of the cast on to the stage holding lamps; this would indicate to the audience that it was night time. In the actual play of Romeo and Juliet in particular scenes Shakespeare uses different levels to show importance of character, role and what they have to say. For instance the balcony scene, when Juliet is talking she is quite high up on the balcony and while Romeo listens he is on the ground. But as soon as Romeo starts to speak and Juliet listens, Romeo climbs the tree to be at the same level as Juliet. This wouldnt be able to happen in Shakespeares theatre because a tree would not be growing at of the stage. So levels were actually moved up and down on pullies to show the audience what was happening.

Muslim Women Essay Example

Muslim Women Essay The Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW) is a human right treaty for women. The basic structure of the organization is based upon three principles: equality, non-discrimination and state obligation. This organization has set some rules to eliminate discrimination against women. This organization set some specific rules which the state has to agree with and implement it on their state. POLITICAL REPRESENTATION Fatwas have been issued in some of the Islamic countries barring Muslim Women from participating in elections on the grounds that it will bring them into contact with men. Such Fatwas hardly had any impact on women and the Muslim voters; who promptly ignored them. A fatwa banning Muslim women’s participation in elections (as contestants) has also been issued with the rider that if they still participate in elections, they may do so wearing the veil. MARRIAGE RIGHTS The Muslim civil code has provided the Muslim man with a right to polygamy, though the prophet mentioned the subject only once. We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim Women specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim Women specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim Women specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Moreover, a Muslim woman cannot marry a non-Muslim whereas a man can. Contrary to the general notion of equality, a husband is also granted a partial unilateral right of divorce. He can dissolve his marriage by uttering the word talaq thrice even without stating the reasons and in the absence of his wife who merely needs to be informed. On the other hand, a woman can divorce her husband only if: * An agreement is made before or after the marriage by which she is at liberty to divorce herself from her husband under certain specified conditions which are not opposed to the policies of Islamic Law. Unawareness about his whereabouts for 4 years. * failure to get maintenance for 2 years, * impotency, insanity of the husband, or if he is suffering from some venereal disease, * cruelty and option of puberty i. e. if she was married before the age of 15. RIGHTS OF A MUSLIM WIDOW ON HER HUSBAND’S PROPERTY * The widow has to give full account of all the income and profits of the estate. * She cannot sell or gift her property to anyone. * She can file a suit for the recovery of the mahr –debt. She can satisfy her mahr debt out of the rents and profits of the property. RAPE LAW According to the sunnah, a woman should not be punished for having been coerced into having sex. This attitude towards rape is discussed in the following hadith: During the time of Muhammad punishment was inflicted on the rapist on the solitary evidence of the woman who was raped by him. Wail ibn Hujr reports of an incident when a woman was raped. Later, when some people came by, she identified and accused the man of raping her. They seized him and brought him to Allahs messenger, who said to the woman, Go away, for Allah has forgiven you, but of the man who had raped her, he said, Stone him to death. (Tirmidhi and Abu Dawud). According to a  Sunni  hadith, the punishment for committing rape is death, there is no blame attached to the victim. According to  Al-Mawardi, an 11th century specialist in Islamic jurisprudence (sharia), if either the victim or a witness kills the perpetrator of rape during the crime, in order to prevent furthering the violence of the act, the killing is permissible and is exempt from the laws of murder and killing. However right now it is far from uncommon for a woman who raises claims of rape to be not only denied justice, but to be charged as a criminal herself for committing fornication or adultery. DRESS CODE Hijab  is the Quranic requirement that Muslims, both male and female, dress and behave modestly. The most important Quranic verse relating to  hijab  is  sura  , which says, And tell the believing women to lower their gaze and guard their private parts and not to display their adornment except that which ordinarily appears thereof and to draw their headcovers over their chests and not to display their adornment except to their [maharim] There are regional and sectarian variations of the veil associated with  hijab. Depending upon local views regarding female modesty, they may or may not cover the face or the eyes, or the entire body. These variations include: * Hijab  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A scarf covering the hair. * Chador  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A cloak covering the head and body, but leaving the face uncovered; worn by many women in Iran when outside the home. * Shayla  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A long rectangular scarf, pinned or tucked at the shoulder, leaving the face uncovered; worn by many women in the Persian Gulf region. Khimar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A long rectangular scarf, covering the head, neck and shoulders, but leaving the face uncovered. * Burka  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Covers the entire head and body, including the eyes; the wearer sees through a cloth mesh eye veil sewn into the burka. * Al-Amira  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A two-piece veil that includes a close-fitting cap and a tube-shaped scarf covering the head and neck, but leaving the face uncovered. * Niqab  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A veil that leaves the eye clear (although it may be worn with an eye veil), and worn with a headscarf. The  hijab, and the veil in particular, have often been viewed by many as a sign of oppression of Muslim women. The wearing of the  hijab  has become controversial in countries where Muslims are a minority, and where majority secular opinions regard the  hijab  as violating womens freedom, especially in Europe amid increasing immigration of Muslims In some countries where Muslims are a minority, there is much less public opposition to the practise, although concerns about it are discussed. Canadian media, for example, have covered controversies where concerns have been raised over the veil being a possible security risk, as in cases where Muslim women have refused to remove their  niqab  or  burkaveil for voter identification at polls. Case study: India SCHEMES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MUSLIM WOMEN IN INDIA * Multi-Sectoral Development Project (MSDP) to rehabilitate Muslim women who are destitute or have been abandoned by their husbands. WEST BENGAL * Leadership development of minority women scheme. KSWWF(karnatka state wakf foundation for women development)-In the scheme Medical relief is provided to Muslim Minorities woman and girls for medical treatment. * Health Relief to Muslim Minorities Women and Girls- karnatka * Training of Muslim Women in Stitching, Embroidery and Knitting * Providing Computer Training to Minorities Muslim Women * Stipend to Muslim Minorities Girls learning Urdu DTP Course * Starting Pre-Primary School for Muslim Children by NGOs EMPLOYMENT OF MUSLIM WOMEN IN INDIA The constitution of India confers equal citizenship rights on all Indians and provides safeguards for minorities. Constitutional safeguards are meant to ensure the full and active participation of all communities including Muslims in the country’s public life. Article 14 of the Constitution grants equality to all citizens without discrimination on grounds of caste, language or religion.. Muslim women have the lowest work participation rate (WPR) among all three categories of work, with a large gap between the WPRs for Muslim women, Hindu or Christian women. Sixty percent of Muslim women are self-employed – the highest percentage among all three religious categories i. e. Hindus, Christians and Muslims. The living conditions are linked with to the employment patterns and working conditions and the worker population rates for Muslim women are lower than for women in other socio-religious category (SRC). Most of the Muslim women are self employed; they prefer to work at home. As compared to other SRCs, Muslims are concentrated more in self-employed activities and their participation in regular jobs, especially in non-agriculture is much less than for others. A significantly higher share of Muslim workers in self-employment can be seen in urban areas as compared to rural are areas and for women who prefer home-based activities. The share of Muslims in regular work, especially in the government, public sector and large private sector is very low. LIVING CONDITIONS OF INDIAN MUSLIM WOMEN Muslim women are suffering from both internal and external oppression. Muslim men practice what they themselves believe is Islamic and oppress their women and refuse to entertain any thought of change. Many educated Muslim women thus start believing there can be no liberation within Islam and seek their freedom through secular laws. Ultimately, the source of their oppression is sought to be located in Islam itself, which is projected as an allegedly patriarchal religion, supposedly hostile to women’s rights and gender-justice. Wearing of Hijab and Burqa is still in practice in India. So, to conclude, Muslim legal traditions in India, for women have developed to an extent, but the society still remains orthodox and conservative. Muslims are still in minority. Various welfare schemes for the development of Muslim Women have been introduced and the country. . Case study: gulf countries In Gulf countries, following is the prevalent tradition: Education Progress on bridging the gender gap in social indicators has been impressive in Gulf Countries, mainly because of heavy public sector investments in education and health sectors, from which women have benefited significantly. Gulf countries has made substantial gains in the education of women. Statistics show that girls are equal to boys in tertiary, secondary and primary level of education in Gulf countries and 60% of all university students in the six states of the Gulf are women. Employment Women in the Gulf countries had been influenced by societys traditions. Their economic participation and their status position are become low and weak in comparisons with their life at the begging of Islam. Nevertheless, Gulf women have played a role in for as long as these societies have existed, through their effective role in the family and in their tribes, and supplementing the family income with a little local trading or through weaving and handicrafts and agricultural work and in some cases fighting beside their men. Nowadays, women in the Gulf are at the forefront of the economic life of their societies, in the labor force, in politics, in civil organizations, and, in that most crucial area of life, in economics. Gulf countries remain a patriarchal society. Saudi Arabia forbids Muslim women even to drive. , Women earlier weren’t allowed to go to mosques because of fears of unchastity caused by interaction between sexes; this condition persisted until the late 1960s. Since then, women have become increasingly involved in the mosque, though men and women generally worship separately. Dress code and covering the full body, specially for the young women is still very strictly to be followed in some of the Gulf countries. The primary aim of women is not to earn money, but to look after her family, therefore, employment is still less in the gulf countries, even after gradual increase over decades. 1 . http://webspace. webring. com/people/gh/husociology1/1/muslimwomen2008. pdf [ 2 ]. http://www. pucl. org/from-archives/Gender/muslim-women. htm [ 3 ]. http://www. indianexpress. om/news/west-bengal-plans-scheme-to-aid-muslim-women/979145 [ 4 ]. http://articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/2013-01-06/lucknow/36173792_1_minority-women-muslim-women-sachar-committee [ 5 ]. http://kswwf. com/schemes-for-muslim-women. html [ 6 ]. http://www. unhcr. org/refworld/pdfid/469cbfcc0. pdf [ 7 ]. http://www. iimahd. ernet. in/assets/snippets/workingpaperpdf/12051717332012-09-03. pdf , pg-20 [ 8 ]. http://www. csss-isla. com [ 9 ]. http://www. ummid. com/news/2010/January/03. 01. 2010/socio_cultural_impediments_to_muslim_women. htm

Levy Patrick Mwanawasa - President of Zambia 2002-2008

Levy Patrick Mwanawasa - President of Zambia 2002-2008 Born: 3 September 1948 - Mufulira, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia)Died: 19 August 2008 - Paris, France Early LifeLevy Patrick Mwanawasa was born in Mufulira, in Zambias Copperbelt region, part of the small ethnic group, the Lenje. He was educated at Chilwa Secondary School, in Ndola district, and went to read law at University of Zambia (Lusaka) in 1970. He graduated with a Bachelor of Law degree in 1973. Mwanawasa started his career as an assistant in law firm in Ndola in 1974, he qualified for the bar in 1975, and formed his own law company, Mwanawasa and Co., in 1978. In 1982 he was appointed Vice-chairman of Law Association of Zambia and between 1985 and 86 was the Zambian Solicitor-General. In 1989 he successfully defended former vice-president Lieutenant General Christon Tembo and others charged with plotting a coup against then president Kenneth Kaunda. Start of a Political CareerWhen Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda (United National Independence Party, UNIP) approved creation of opposition parties in December 1990, Levey Mwanawasa joined the newly created Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) under the leadership of Fredrick Chiluba. Presidential elections in October 1991 were won by Frederick Chiluba who took office (as Zambias second president) on 2 November 1991. Mwanawasa became a member of National Assembly for Ndola constituency and was appointed vice president and leader of the Assembly by President Chiluba. Mwanawasa was seriously injured in a car accident in South Africa in December 1991 (his aide died at the site) and was hospitalized for an extended period. He developed a speech impediment as a result. Disillusioned with Chilubas GovernmentIn 1994 Mwanawasa resigned as vice president claming the post was increasingly irrelevant (because he was repeatedly sidelined by chiluba) and that his integrity had been put in doubt after an argument with Micheal Sata, minister without portfolio (effectively the cabinet enforcer) in the MMD government. Sata would later challenge Mwanawasa for the presidency. Mwanawasa publicly accused Chilubas government of endemic corruption and economic irresponsibility, and left to devot his time to his old legal practice. In 1996 Levy Mwanawasa stood against Chiluba for the leadership of the MMD but was comprehensively defeated. But his political aspirations were not finished. When Chilubas attempt to change Zambias constitution to allow hi a third term in office failed, Mwanawasa moved to the forefront once again - he was adopted by the MMDs as their candidate for president. President MwanawasaMwanawasa achieved only a narrow victory in the December 2001 election, although his poll result of 28.69% votes cast was sufficient to win him the presidency on a first-past-the-post system. His nearest rival, out of ten other candidates, Anderson Mazoka received 26.76%. Election result was challenged by his opponents (especially by Mazokas party who claimed they had in fact won). Mwanawasa was sworn into office on 2 January 2002. Mwanawasa and the MMD lacked an overall majority in the National Assembly - due to voter distrust of a party Chiluba had brought into disrepute, from Chilubas attempt to hold on to power, and because Mwanawasa was seen as a Chiluba puppet (Chiluba retained the post of MMD party president). But Mwanawasa moved quickly to distance himself from Chiluba, starting an intensive campaign against the corruption which had plagued the MMD. (Mwanawasa also abolished the Ministry of Defense and took over the portfolio personally, retiring 10 senior military officers in the process.) Chiluba gave up presidency of the MMD in March 2002, and under Mwanawasas guidance the National Assembly voted to remove the former presidents immunity to prosecution (he was arrested in February 2003). Mwanawasa defeated a similar attempt to impeach him in August 2003. Ill HealthConcerns over Mwanawasas health arose after he suffered a stroke in April 2006, but he recovered enough to stand once again in presidential elections winning with 43% of the vote. His nearest competitor, Michael Sata of the Patriotic Front (PF) received 29% of the vote. Sata typically claimed voting irregularities. Mwanawasa suffered an second stroke in October 2006. On 29 June 2008, hours before the start of an African Union summit, Mwanawasa had a third stroke reportedly much more severe than the previous two. He was flown to France for treatment. Rumors of his death soon circulated, but were dismissed by the government. Rupiah Banda (member of the United National Independence Pary, UNIP), who had been vice-president during Mwanawasas second term, became acting president on 29 June 2008. On 19 August 2008, in hospital in Paris, Levy Patrick Mwanawasa died of complications due to his earlier stroke. He will be remembered as a political reformist, who secured debt relief and led Zambia through a period of economic growth (partly bolstered by the international rise in the price of copper).

Four forces of evolution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Four forces of evolution - Assignment Example This genetic drift resulted in biological variation between species that had to survive. It was as a result of this drift that isolation of species took place; some species moved to new areas where they interbreed allowing the introduction of new alleles to the population. The introduction of new alleles from the nearby populations resulted in new genetic variation in the populations. Survival of the new populations however required the populations to adapt to their environment. This was made possible by the natural selection force; the force assisted the new formed populations to make beneficial adjustments to their environment, and as a result enhanced their survival. In tandem with this assertion, natural selection shaped genetic variation at the population level favoring some individuals over others. The changes in the genetic structure of the population then resulted in speciation (Haviland, McBride, Prins and Walrath 44). Due to variation in environmental conditions, the geneti c codes of the formed species started changing resulting in new variations. The random mutation of the species’ genetic codes led to genetic variation that resulted in the emergence of new populations. In connection with this, it is evident â€Å"mutation was the ultimate source of evolutionary change, responsible for the constant introduction of new genetic variations† (Haviland, McBride, Prins and Walrath 42). In conclusion, evolution process was enhanced by four forces; natural selection, mutation, gene drift, and gene flow. However, the complexity of human beings is as a result of the mutation process that takes place

Business Law Term Paper (Case Study) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Law Term Paper (Case Study) - Essay Example The jurisdiction of a particular subject matter refers to the authority of the court to preside cases concerning contracts and civil right issues. States court are granted general jurisdiction that allow them to hear any case unless it is prohibited by the law of the state. Some states prohibit subject matter jurisdiction for cases not involving their state citizen, and those that happens outside the state. They also include those that are the mandate of federal courts. In the case study, one of a legal case arising on the jurisdiction is when company violated the law by operating in three different jurisdictions, yet its plumber was licensed in only one jurisdiction. There was a jurisdiction to hear the case between Knarles and Chentum as the state courts have general jurisdiction and the case was among those under the docket of the state laws. Furthermore, it does not qualify to be handled by the federal court (Rakoff, 2013). Tot refers to civil cases or cases that deal with conflicts between private individuals. It can be redressed by paying of damages. This is a remedy by compensating the harmed party by monetary awards. Damages legally refers to the money that law directs one to pay after breach of duty or violation of a particular right. There are two categories of damages, which are punitive and compensatory. In the case of the former, they are awarded to punish the offending party, while the later were awarded to compensate the affected party for the loss or injury. The damages are further classified to liquidated and nominal damages. There are general guidelines that govern the damages to be awarded. For instance, it’s a general concept that punitive damages cannot be imposed in contractual cases that have not been proven to be wanton, deliberate or willful In the study, the case between Knarles and centum falls under the torts, since it is a civil case dealing with a conflict between private individuals. In

Professional Credo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Professional Credo - Essay Example I have come to realize that this is a rather significant and influential value in the course of the interaction between people. In a school setting, this value is portrayed through the interactions of educators with each other and with the students. I believe that for a system to function properly it is of the essence for respect to be existent between the various stakeholders that keep the institution alive. This is because respect is an element, which is two-way. One of the most controversial issues which educators are faced with, and one, which brings about the questioning of respect is when a student means to differ with what the educator is presenting. The notion in this case is that the educator is mostly right in almost all the occasions. For starters, it is significant to note that respect for other people’s opinions is something, which is highly valued in a particular setting. For this reason, an educator has to be in a position to take in and respect what another par ty, particularly a student may pose. Teaching is defined as the cause of knowing something. In this case, the teacher imparts knowledge on the students. This, however, is not to say that the teacher necessarily knows everything. There are those elements which the teacher does not know and on the other hand, there are those elements which the students may have some knowledge of in comparison to the teacher. The one thing, which will make these two parties come to agreement with each other, is the element of respect in them. Respect is something, which I will hold with high esteem in the course of my interaction with the various people in the school. I would not like to disrespect a person because equally I would not like them to disrespect me. I believe that if the students respect each other, they will be in a position to exercise this same respect in other areas, say their education, for example (Noddings, 2010). They will be in a position to see how important this education is. Co mpassion In the course of the teaching profession, there are various instances in which the teacher will get to encounter situations that will demand compassion on the part of the tutor. This is especially in the course of their interactions with their students. There are those students who will be on the wrong in some instances. The true test of compassion on the part of the teacher will be portrayed in the way he or she will handle such students. A case example in this case may be an issue to do with a child who has not carried out his or her assignment majorly because of some upheavals at his or her home. This, as child psychology establishes, is something, which may have some rather devastating effects on the child in question. How will the teacher handle the case of such a child? This is especially if the teacher is punishing other children who have not done the assignment. I believe that compassion is something, which automatically comes up on the part of the teacher majorly a s a result of the situation which he or she may be in. The day-to day activities that are involved with the teaching profession pose situations where the teacher has to exercise compassion (Pierce & Newstorm, 2006). This is especial

Building Management System to Save Energy

Building Management System to Save Energy 1. Introduction of BMS Building Management System (BMS) is to control and monitor building services systems in an efficient way by centralizing the control of individual systems ( 1.1). The systems include HVAC, Fire Services Lift, Escalator, Lighting, Electrical Distribution, Steam Hot Water, and Plumbing Drainage. The main function of BMS is centralized control monitoring and fault management. So it has another name call Central Control and Monitoring System (CCMS). The other functions are enhance interface connectivity between systems, service response to customer, operator control of systems and graphical display to make the control of system more users friendly. Improve energy efficiency and operational efficiency. Allow capacity for future upgrades expansions and automation. And related system Building Automation System (BAS) will be use on BMS. 2. Basic BMS Design 3-Levels BMS Architecture ( 2.1): l Management Level User can configure and monitor plant performance. Anticipate future trends, improve efficiency, and analyze management report. l Automation / Controller Level The location with greatest technical control requirement, and differentiate one from others. Controllers automatically perform their tasks from I/P and to O/P. Controllers can communicate with each other (Peer-to-Peer). Event based operation. The devices can function at the highest efficiency and no repetitive information is transmitted. Controllers only react with the Management Level when plant goes out of limits, and adjustments are made through a user interface. l Field / Floor Level Information is gathered through sensors and other intelligent devices. The information will be sent back to the controllers. Third party equipment is integrated into the Automation and Field levels with control at the Management level. Centralized Architecture: Centrally controlled system ( 2.5) A control system in which transmission is to a central computer and the reliance of all controls on a central computer. Distributed Architecture: Distributed control ( 2.6) A control system in which control computations and intelligence are made at different locations and the result coordinated. System Architecture: The constraints of BMS are network expansion, the limited variety of topologies and transmission media. The solutions are mixing of communication media (twisted pair, power line, radio, infra-red, fibre optics, coaxial). Complete implementation of OSI model. Using free topology, user-friendly software and development cost. System Topology Topology affects system redundancy, communication protocol and system response time. The common system topologies such as: Bus, Star, Tree, Ring and Mesh. Bus Topology ( 2.7) All devices are connected to a central cable, call the bus or backbone. The advantage is much less cabling requirements. The brands using include Ethernet, Profitbus, ControlNet, LonWorks. Star Topology ( 2.8) All devices are conned to a central hub. Star networks are relatively easy to install and manage, but bottlenecks can occur because all data must pass through the hub. Cable fault affects one device only. But communication hub fault affects all devices. The brands using include Ethernet, Profitbus, ControlNet, LonWorks. Tree Topology ( 2.9) The topology combines characteristics of linear bus and star topologies. It consists of groups of star-configured workstations connected to a linear bus backbone cable. Tree topologies allow for the expansion of an existing network, and enable schools to configure a network to meet their needs. Device at the highest point in the hierarchy controls the network. The brands using include Ethernet, Profitbus, ControlNet, LonWorks. Ring Topology ( 2.10) All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it. Same as bus network with both edges connect. The brands using include Token Ring, FDDI, Profitbus. Mesh Topology (Fig 2.11) Network topology which combines more than one basic topology such as bus, ring, or star. Good for redundancy. It will use lots of cable to connect every device with every device. Considerations in Topology Layout for automating building with vast amount of points require well-designed network segmentation, in order to achieve a good performance infrastructure. Well designed structured network by using repeaters, bridges or even better using routers to improve network reliability and simplify network troubleshooting. Some reasons why segmenting a network is important: Isolation of individual network segments in order to limit the propagation of a single fault to one segment and prevent this single fault from spreading out over the entire network. Different nodes demand different communication media and different network speeds but they all need to communicate with each other, which requires and interconnection between the different networking media. Increase the number of possible nodes in a single network and increase the number of possible nodes in a single network. Keep local traffic within one segment in order to avoid network traffic overload conditions which will make service like HVAC, lighting malfunction. BMS Configurations There are three types configurations using in BMS: 1. Conventional configuration Server workstations daisy chained with DDCs (usually using RS-485). Typical RS-485 Controller Level network ( 2.14) relatively low bandwidth (around 9600 bps). The limited nodes around 100, and the distance is lower than 1200m. Only for data transmission. Controller Level Network 2. Ethernet-Based configuration Use Ethernet as transmission media. Servers, Workstations and DDCs on the same Ethernet platform. Typical Ethernet-Based Network ( 2.15) with high bandwidth (typical 1Gbps backbone). Use IP Technology means open platform for various applications. Virtually no distance limitation. Always use for data, voice video systems. Ethernet-Based Network 3. Hybrid configuration ( 2.16) Non-hierarchy architecture with combination of different independent networks and interfaces. Various network topologies. Hybrid Configuration Networking Protocol Protocol ( 2.17) is a set of rules, which allows computer/controllers/devices to communicate from one to another. Proprietary Protocols developed by systems or computer manufacture to communicate to their OWN hardware and software over a recommended network. Open Protocols opening up protocols means disclosing procedures, structures, and codes and allowing other system developers to write interfaces and share data on their network. Acceptance of an open protocol depends on its quality, features, and services provided. 2.17 Protocol The OSI Seven Layer Model ( 2.18) Each layer has a defined set of functions. The model provides a useful common reference to communicate protocol. Most communication protocols including those used in our field today use either all or some of the seven layers of the OSI model. 1. Network-capable Applications produce DATA. 2. Each protocol layer adds a header to the data it receives from the layer above it. This is called encapsulation. Encapsulated data is transmitted in Protocol Data Units (PDUs). There are Presentation PDUs, Session PDUs, Transport PDUs etc. 3. PDUs are passed down through the stack of layers (called the stack for short) until they can be transmitted over the Physical layer. 4. Any layer on one machine speaks the same language as the same layer on any other machine, and therefore can communicate via the Physical layer. 5. Data passed upwards is unencapsulated before being passed farther up. 6. All information is passed down through all layers until it reaches the Physical layer. 7. The Physical layer chops up the PDUs and transmits the PDUs over the wire. The Physical layer provides the real physical connectivity between machines over which all communication occurs. 2.18 OSI Seven Layer Model The Physical layer provides for physical connectivity between networked devices. Transmission and receipt of data from the physical medium is managed at this layer. The Physical layer receives data from the Data Link Layer, and transmits it to the wire. The Physical layer controls frequency, amplitude, phase and modulation of the signal used for transmitting data, and performs demodulation and decoding upon receipt. Note that for two devices to communicate, they must be connected to the same type of physical medium (wiring). Ether to Ether, FDDI to FDDI etc. Two end stations using different protocols can only communicate through a multi-protocol bridge or a router. The physical layer is responsible for two jobs: 1. Communication with the Data link layer. 2. Transmission and receipt of data. The Datalink Layer is the second layer of the OSI model. The datalink layer performs various functions depending upon the hardware protocol used, but has four primary functions: 1. COMMUNICATION with the Network layer above. 2. SEGMENTATION of upper layer datagrams (also called packets) into frames in sizes that can be handled by the communications hardware. 3. BIT ORDERING. Organizing the pattern of data bits before transmission (packet formatting) 4. COMMUNICATION with the Physical layer below. This layer provides reliable transit of data across a physical link. The datalink layer is concerned with physical addressing, network topology, physical link management, error notification, ordered delivery of frames, and flow control. Network Layer establishes and terminates connections between the originator and recipient of information over the network. Assign unique addresses to each node on the network. The addresses identify the beginning and end of the data transmission packets. Outbound data is passed down from the Transport layer, is encapsulated in the Network layers protocol and then sent to the Datalink layer for segmentation and transmission. Inbound data is de-fragmented in the correct order, the IP headers are removed and then the assembled datagram is passed to the Transport layer. The Network layer is concerned with the following primary functions: 1. Communication with the Transport layer above. 2. Management of connectivity and routing between hosts or networks. 3. Communication with the Datalink layer below. Transport Layer maintain reliability on the network and enhances data integrity by delivering error-free data in the proper sequence. It may use a variety of techniques such as a Cyclic Redundancy Check, windowing and acknowledgements. If data is lost or damaged it is the Transport layers responsibility to recover from that error. Functions: 1. Communicate with the Session layer above. 2. Detect errors and lost data, retransmit data, reassemble datagrams into datastreams 3. Communicate with the Network layer below. The session layer tracks connections, also called sessions. For example: keep track of multiple file downloads requested by a particular FTP application, or multiple telnet connections from a single terminal client, or web page retrievals from a Web server. In the World of TCP/IP this is handled by application software addressing a connection to a remote machine and using a different local port number for each connection. The session performs the following functions: 1. Communication with the Presentation layer above. 2. Organize and manage one or more connections per application, between hosts. 3. Communication with the Transport layer below. The Presentation layer handles the conversion of data formats so that machines can present data created on other systems. For example: handle the conversion of data in JPG/JPEG format to Sun Raster format so that a Sun machine can display a JPG/JPEG image. The Presentation layer performs the following functions: 1. Communication with the Application layer above. 2. Translation of standard data formats to formats understood by the local machine. 3. Communication with the Session layer below. The application layer is the application in use by the user. For example: a web browser, an FTP, IRC, Telnet client other TCP/IP based application like the network version of Doom, Quake, or Unreal. The Application layer provides the user interface, and is responsible for displaying data and images to the user in a recognizable format. The application layers job is to organize and display data in a human compatible format, and to interface with the Presentation layer. Message Frame Format Fig 2.19 Message Frame Format Master-Slave Protocol (2.20) The control station is called master device. Only master device can control the communication. It may transmit messages without a remote request. No slave device can communicate directly with another slave device. 2.20 Master-Slave Protocol Peer-to-Peer Protocol (2.21) All workstations are loaded with the same peer-to-peer network operating system. Each workstation configured as service requester (client), service provide (server), or even BOTH. 2.21 Peer-to-Peer Protocol Client-Server Protocol (2.22) Client workstation are loaded with specialized client software. Server computers are loaded with specialized server software designed to be compatible with client software. 2.22 Client-Server Protocol The CSMA/CE Protocol is designed to provide fair access to the shared channel so that all stations get a chance to use the network. After every packet transmission all stations use the CSMA/CD protocol to determine which station gets to use the Ethernet channel next. CSMA/CD likes a dinner party in a dark room: Everyone around the table must listen for a period of quiet before speaking (Carrier Sense). Once a space occurs everyone has an equal chance to say something (Multiple Access). If two people start talking at the same instant they detect that fact, and quit speaking (Collision Detection). IEEE 802.3 standard covers CSMA/CD. Switched Ethernet nodes are connected to a switch using point-to-point connections, When a frame arrives at the switch, the control logic determines the transmit port. If the transmit port is busy, the received frame is stored in the queue which is a First-in First-out (FIFO) queue. The memory to store pending frames is obtained from a shared memory pool. In case the memory is full, the received frame is dropped. Networking Cables Copper wire pairs are the most basic of the data media. †¢ Two wire untwisted pair The insulated wire conductors run in parallel, often in a moulded, flat cable. Normally used over short distances or at low bit rates, due to problems with crosstalk and spurious noise pickup. Performance in multiple conductor cables is enhanced by dedicating every second cable as a ground (zero volt reference), and by the use of electrically banetworkced signals. 1. A single wire is used for the signal transmission/reception 2. A common reference level/point is existed between the transmitter and receiver 3. It is the simplest connection technique but it is sensitive to noise, interference, loss, and signal reflection 4. It is suitable for short distance and low data rate application (Normally less than 200Kb-meter/s) †¢ Twisted Pair The insulated conductors are twisted together, leading to better electrical performance and significantly higher bit rates than untwisted pairs. UTP is unshielded, like telephone cable, whilst STP is shielded and capable of higher bit rates. Systems using banetworkced signals obtain the highest bit rates. 1. Twisting or wrapping the two wires around each other reduces induction of outside interference 2. 1 to 5 twists per inch is quite typical †¢ Cheap and moderate bit rate applications 3. For a few km distance the bit rate can be up to 10Mb/s, and 100Mb/s can be achievable for short distance applications like 100m 2.23 Two wire untwisted pair and Twisted Pair Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): †¢Composed of two of more pairs of wires twisted together †¢Not shielded †¢Signal protected by twisting of wires †¢Impedance of 100W †¢Recommended conductor size of 24 AWG 2.24 Unshielded Twisted Pair Cat5e: 100MHz ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 Cat6: 250MHz Cat7: 600MHz Undercarpet: †¢Susceptibility to damage †¢Limited flexibility for MACs (move, add and change) †¢Distance limit of 10m †¢Avoid in high traffic areas, heavy furniture locations, cross undercarpet power on top at 90 degrees 2.25 Cat3, Cat5e and Cat6 Cable Screened Twisted-Pair (ScTP): †¢Characteristic impedance of 100 W †¢Four pair 22-24 AWG solid conductors †¢Mylar/aluminum sheath around all conductors †¢Drain wire that must be grounded 2.26 Screened Twisted-Pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): †¢Composed of two pairs of wires †¢Metal braid or sheathing that reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) †¢Must be grounded †¢Characteristic impedance of 150 W †¢Conductor size is 22 AWG †¢Electrical performance is better than UTP (300MHz bandwidth) †¢More expensive †¢Harder to handle thick and heavy 2.27 Shielded Twisted Pair Coaxial Cable (Coax): Composed of insulated center conductor with braided shied. It provides high degree of protection against EMI. †¢Because the electrical field associated with conduction is entirely carried inside the cable; problems with signal radiation are minimized very little energy escapes, even at high frequency. †¢There is little noise pick up from external sources. Thus, higher bit rates can be used over longer distances than with twisted pairs 2.28 Coaxial Cable Series 6 (Video): †¢Characteristic impedance of 75 ohms †¢Mylar/aluminum sheath over the dielectric †¢Braided shield over the mylar †¢18 AGW solid-center conductor 2.29 Series 6 Series 11U (Video): †¢Characteristic impedance of 75ohms †¢Mylar/aluminum sheath over the dielectric †¢Braided shield over the mylar †¢14 AWG solid-center conductor or 18 AWG stranded-center conductor 2.30 Series 11U Series 8: †¢50 ohms characteristic impedance †¢Multiple mylar/aluminum sheath over the dielectric †¢Multiple braided shield over the mylar †¢11 AWG solid-center conductor 2.31 Series 8 Series 58 A/U: †¢50 ohms characteristic impedance †¢Mylar/aluminum sheath over the dielectric †¢Braided shield over the mylar †¢20 AWG solid-center conductor 2.32 Series 58 A/U Fibre Optics: Higher bandwidth and much lower signal loss than copper conductors. It used in the backbone or in horizontal runs of huge control network. †¢The data is carried as pulses of light from a laser or high-power LED. †¢Optical fibre is non-electrical, hence is completely immune from electrical radiation and interference problems. It has the highest bit rate of all media. †¢The fibre consists of an inner glass filament, contained inside a glass cladding of lower refractive index, with an outer protective coating. In a step index fibre, there is a sudden transition in refractive index. A graded index fibre has a gradual transition from high to low index, and much higher performance. †¢Most common fibres are multimode, where the inner fibre is larger than the wavelength of the light signal, allowing multiple paths to exist, and some dispersion to limit the obtainable bit rate. In single mode fibres, the inner fibre is very thin, and extremely high bit rates (several Gbps) can be achieved over long distances. 2.33 Fibre Optics Multimode Fibre: Composed of a 50 or 62.5 micron core and 125 micron cladding. It commonly used in horizontal and intrabuilding backbones. It has distance limitation of 2000m. Often uses a light-emitting diode (LED) light source. †¢The center core is much larger and allows more light to enter the fiber †¢Since there are many paths that a light ray may follow as it propagates down the fiber, large time dispersion may occur which results in short distance applications or bandwidth reduction †¢Because of the large central core, it is easy to couple light into and out of the this type of fiber †¢It is inexpensive and simple to manufacture †¢Typical value: 62.5/125 Multi-Mode Graded Index †¢It is characterized by a center core that has non-uniform refractive index †¢The refractive index is maximum at the center and decreases gradually towards the outer edge †¢The performance is a compromise between single-mode step index fiber and multi-mode step index fiber 2.34 Multi-Mode Fibre Singlemode Fibre: It composed of a 6 or 9 micron core and 125 micron cladding (say8/125 or 9/125). It used for distances up to 3000m. It uses a laser light source. †¢Small core diameter so that there is essentially only one path that light may Take care,as it propagates down the fiber †¢ There is minimum time dispersion because all rays propagating down the fiber with the same delay time and results in wider bandwidth (i.e. high bit rate) †¢ Because of the small central core, it is difficult to couple light into and out of the this type of fiber †¢ It is expensive and difficult to manufacture †¢ Typical value: 9/125 2.35 Singlemode Fibre 2.36 LAN Media Technology Analysis Open System The definition of open system is that system implements sufficient open standards for interfaces and services. It is supporting formats to enable properly engineered components to be utilized across a wide range of systems and to interoperate with other components. And that system in which products and services can be mixed and matched from set of suppliers; and supports free exchange of information/data between different systems without inserting gateways or proprietary tools. Some benefits from Interoperability: †¢Devices can be shared among different subsystems. †¢Reduce cost, shorten installation time, and reduce complexity as parts are being reduced. †¢Devices in different subsystems can interact with each other; therefore, new breed of applications can be created easily. †¢Owners can choose the best-of-breed products from different manufacture. †¢Elimination of gateway dependency, especially during system upgrade. †¢Allow move-add-change relatively easy, hence lower life-cycle costs. The characteristics of open system are well defined, widely used, preferably nonproprietary interfaces/protocols; Use of standards which are developed/adopted by recognized standards bodies or the commercial market place; and definition of all aspects of system interfaces to facilitate new or additional systems capabilities for a wide range of applications. The different between proprietary protocols and open protocols; For Proprietary protocols, most manufactures have their own proprietary protocols within their systems, so no communication between Systems unless a gateway is deployed. For open protocols, it allows systems of different manufacturers to communicate. Systems communicate with each other. 2.1 BMS Open System Modbus: A high-level protocol for industrial networks developed in 1979 by Modicon (now Schneider Automation Inc.) for use with its PLCs. It is providing services at layer 7 of the OSI model. Modbus defines a request/response message structure for a client/server environment. It is the most commonly available means of connecting industrial electronic devices. Several common types of Modbus: l Modbus RTU n A compact, binary representation of the data. l Modbus ASSII n Human readable more verbose. l Modbus/TCP n Very similar to Modbus RTU but is transmitted within TCP/IP data packets. 2.37 Modbus 2.2 BMS Open System ARCent: Attached Resource Computer NETwork (ARCnet) was founded by the Data point Corporation in late 1970s. ARCnet was one of the topologies used early on networking and is rarely used as the topology of choice in current LAN environments. ARCnet, however, still is a solid, functional and cost effective means of networking. Each device on an ARCnet network is assigned a node number. This number must be unique on each network and in the range of 1 to 255. ARCnet manages network access with a token passing bus mechanism. The token (permission to speak on the network) is passed from the lowest number node to higher number nodes in ascending order. Lower numbered addresses get the token before the higher numbered addresses. Network traffic is made more efficient by assigning sequential numbers to nodes using the same order in which they are cabled. Choosing random numbers can create a situation in which a node numbered 23 can be a whole building away from the next number, 46, but in the same ro om as numbers 112 and 142. The token has to travel in a haphazard manner that is less effective than if you numbered the three workstations in the same office sequentially, 46, 47, and 48, and the workstation in the other building 112. With this configuration, the packet stays within the office before venturing on to other stations. A maximum time limit of 31 microseconds is allotted for an ARCnet signal. This is also called a time-out setting. Signals on an ARCnet can travel up to 20,000 feet during the 31-microsecond default time-out period. You can sometimes extend the range of an ARCnet by increasing the time out value. However, 20,000 feet is the distance at which ARCnet signals begin to seriously degrade. Extending the network beyond that distance can result in unreliable or failed communication. Therefore, the time-out parameter and cabling distance recommendations should be increased only with great caution. An ARCnet network is used primarily with either coax or twisted pair cable. Most older ARCnet installations are coax and use RG-62 A/U type cable terminated with 93 Ohm terminators. Twisted pair (UTP) installations are newer and use stranded 24 or 26 gauge wire, or solid core 22, 24, or 26 gauge type cable terminated with 100-Ohm terminators. Many ARCnet networks use a mix of both coax and UTP cabling. UTP cable is simple to install and provides a reliable connection to the devices, whereas coax provides a means to span longer distances. Typical ARCnet installations are wired as a star. ARCnet can run off a linear bus topology using coax or twisted pair as long as the cards specifically support BUS. The most popular star-wired installations of ARCnet run off two types of hubs: 1. Passive hubs cannot amplify signals. Each hub has four connectors. Because of the characteristics of passive hubs, unused ports must be equipped with a terminator, a connector containing a resistor that matches the ARCnet cabling characteristics. A port on a passive hub can only connect to an active device (an active hub or an ARCnet device). Passive hubs can never be connecte

Comparing Dreams in Song of Solomon, Push, and Incidents in the Life of

A Dream Revised in Song of Solomon, Push, and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   America was founded on the belief that "all men are created equal." However, a question must be posed which asks who constitutes "men" and what is "equal"? Where do women fit into the picture? What about minorities? The Declaration of Independence serves as the framework for rules that govern the people who fall beneath it, but who were the architects of the infamous work? They were white, upper class, men. They looked at slavery as a grievous sin, yet they allowed it to occur for decades. Immigrants from all parts of the country came to America to be free from persecution and terror; unfortunately, people were not free in America's own backyard. Why did hundreds of thousands of people leave their homes to start fresh in a new world? The answer is simple; they wanted a glimpse of the American Dream, but that look into a prosperous future was not for all people. The founding fathers left an enormous hole in the document that established the first set of rules that would govern this new country. They did not include minorities in their representation of men being equal. The only ones who were considered equal were immigrants who came on their own, who left their past behind them, and who kept their social structures in tact. For everyone else, they learned soon enough that they must abandon that dream for one that favors setbacks, the need to rise again, and a quest for group dignity.    From the time that Africans were taken from their country and enslaved in a new world, they have fought to retain dignity and grace in circumstances that were deplorable. Even slaves who were well taken care of were not able ... ...is life ends, and Push gives very intimate insight to a young abused girl who is fighting to survive. All of these stories have characters who have hopes and dreams of being successful, but fall short in some way because the Declaration of Independence did not include them and the desire to reach the American Dream is not an open invitation to Africans like it is to other immigrant groups. They are not voluntary participants in American society; therefore, they must settle for less than others have to. They must fight twice as hard to have half as much as others.    Works Cited: Brent, Linda. "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl". The Classic Slave Narratives. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: Penguin Group, 1987. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: The Penguin Group, 1977. Sapphire. Push. New York: Vintage Contemporaries, 1996.

Economics & restaurant price

The restaurant price and whole price data shows that cost based and price discrimination based theory has been applied to the fifty wine products listed. The groups of wine are divided into to groups. They are the red win group and the white wine group. The data shows that the restaurant owners bought the wines from the whole sale store. The restaurant owner then adds a markup to cover for the cost of running a restaurant. The cost of running a restaurant includes the whole cost of the wine bought from the wholesale store and the cost serving the wine.Waiters, cashiers and dishwashers are part of the wine serving process(Brown,16). The additional restaurant wine includes the additional cleanup, the cost of storing the wine in the wine store room, the cost of managing and ensuring continuous stocks of the wines in the restaurant storeroom. The additional markup includes the cost of paying a wine connoisseur. He is an expert in wine criticism and advices the company on which wine to bu y, how long to store the wines in the store room, and also how to serve wine.The most important reason for introducing markups is to charge the restaurant clients for staying long hours on their tables talking business, or seducing a love object. In addition, the data presented showing that the restaurant price is an amount that has a mark –up of ninety –nine percent or more above the cost of buying the wines is definitely true. The restaurants add markups based on the willingness of the customers to pay the additional prices. This market segment does not care about the price of wine because they know that they want to add the high –priced wine to the food that they gobble up in the restaurants.This market segment even prefer to buy the high priced wines just for the pride of showing to their next table clients and to their restaurant friends that they have lots and lots of money. This market segment is willing to pay more for a wine because they feel that these wines rare and are of higher quality than the other wine brands(Philips,18). The data showing the fifteen wines clearly indicates that the restaurant charges each client a higher fee for the rare and higher –quality ones. The data also shows that the restaurant owners charge clients higher if they feel that the clients can afford to pay higher for the wines.On the other hand, the restaurant is willing to charge a higher markup if they foresee that the client is a little hard up on cash upon entering the restaurant. The implications of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above are many. One implication is that the restaurant must introduce the markups in order to stay in the business. A business would not survive if it does not make the bottom line. The bottom line is that the company must generate a net profit. A company that does not make a profit generates a loss. A company that generates a loss would not look good to the stakeholders of the company.Th e stakeholders of the company includes the stockholders, the employees, the customers, the suppliers, the community, the government regulating agencies, the labor unions, and even the board of directors if there are any. Another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that there are customers who do not mind the markups. Many of the customers can easily see that the higher amount they pay for the wines bought in restaurants is because they are will savor an hour or two of their romantic interludes and seduction in the restaurants.They will use the restaurant to sort of ‘lay their cards down’ in the courtship game of life. This is the value that the restaurant clients get in exchange for willingly paying more for a bottle of wine. Another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that the restaurant prices of some wines are higher than the other wine choices. The $14. 25 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 96 percent of the cost. The $17. 00 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 182 percent of the cost. The $18. 00 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 133 percent of the cost.The $21. 60 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 99 percent of the cost. The $12. 50 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 180 percent of the cost. Another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that there are people who can afford the higher cost of wines. The $17. 00 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 182 percent of the cost. The $12. 50 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 180 percent of the cost. The $ 7. 50 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 220 percent of the cost. The $14.63 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 180 percent of the cost. The $13. 50 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 196 percent of the cost. The $ 6. 75 restaurant wine price is price d at a markup of 255 percent of the cost. Another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that there different wine qualities. The $ 6. 75 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 255 percent of the cost. The $14. 25 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 96 percent of the cost. The $17. 58 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 133 percent of the cost.The $17. 00 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 182 percent of the cost. The $ 7. 50 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 220 percent of the cost. The $18. 00 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 133 percent of the cost. The $19. 20 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 119 percent of the cost. Another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that the business will survive. The different prices of the wines show that they are done to fit the budget of the clients. One wine is priced at $28 a bo ttle.Another wine is priced at Another wine is priced at $48. Another wine is priced at $78. Another wine is priced at $122. Another wine is priced at $32. Another wine is priced at $40. Another wine is priced at $24(Haslam,100). The above discussion shows that there many implications of variances in the restaurant prices when compared to the whole prices. Definitely, One implication is that the restaurant must introduce the markups in order to stay in the business. Clearly, another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that there are customers who do not mind the markups.Undoubtedly, another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that the restaurant prices of some wines are higher than the other wine choices. Surely, another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that there are people who can afford the higher cost of wines. Truly, another implication of th e cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that there different wine qualities. Unquestionably, another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that the business will survive.Conclusively, the restaurant pricing above is founded on the economic principles of supply and demand(McConnell & Brue,52). REFERENCES: Haslam, C. , Economics in a Business Context, Oxford, Taylor & Francis, 1989 McConnell, C. , Brue, S. , Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies, N. Y. , McGraw- Hill, 2005 Brown, D. , The Restaurant Manager’s Hnadbook: How to Set Up, Operate, and Manage a Financially Succesful Food Service Operation. N. Y. , Atlantic Press, 2003 Philips, L. , The Economics of Price Discrimination: four essays in applied price theory, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983