Muslim Women Essay Example

Muslim Women Essay The Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW) is a human right treaty for women. The basic structure of the organization is based upon three principles: equality, non-discrimination and state obligation. This organization has set some rules to eliminate discrimination against women. This organization set some specific rules which the state has to agree with and implement it on their state. POLITICAL REPRESENTATION Fatwas have been issued in some of the Islamic countries barring Muslim Women from participating in elections on the grounds that it will bring them into contact with men. Such Fatwas hardly had any impact on women and the Muslim voters; who promptly ignored them. A fatwa banning Muslim women’s participation in elections (as contestants) has also been issued with the rider that if they still participate in elections, they may do so wearing the veil. MARRIAGE RIGHTS The Muslim civil code has provided the Muslim man with a right to polygamy, though the prophet mentioned the subject only once. We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim Women specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim Women specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim Women specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Moreover, a Muslim woman cannot marry a non-Muslim whereas a man can. Contrary to the general notion of equality, a husband is also granted a partial unilateral right of divorce. He can dissolve his marriage by uttering the word talaq thrice even without stating the reasons and in the absence of his wife who merely needs to be informed. On the other hand, a woman can divorce her husband only if: * An agreement is made before or after the marriage by which she is at liberty to divorce herself from her husband under certain specified conditions which are not opposed to the policies of Islamic Law. Unawareness about his whereabouts for 4 years. * failure to get maintenance for 2 years, * impotency, insanity of the husband, or if he is suffering from some venereal disease, * cruelty and option of puberty i. e. if she was married before the age of 15. RIGHTS OF A MUSLIM WIDOW ON HER HUSBAND’S PROPERTY * The widow has to give full account of all the income and profits of the estate. * She cannot sell or gift her property to anyone. * She can file a suit for the recovery of the mahr –debt. She can satisfy her mahr debt out of the rents and profits of the property. RAPE LAW According to the sunnah, a woman should not be punished for having been coerced into having sex. This attitude towards rape is discussed in the following hadith: During the time of Muhammad punishment was inflicted on the rapist on the solitary evidence of the woman who was raped by him. Wail ibn Hujr reports of an incident when a woman was raped. Later, when some people came by, she identified and accused the man of raping her. They seized him and brought him to Allahs messenger, who said to the woman, Go away, for Allah has forgiven you, but of the man who had raped her, he said, Stone him to death. (Tirmidhi and Abu Dawud). According to a  Sunni  hadith, the punishment for committing rape is death, there is no blame attached to the victim. According to  Al-Mawardi, an 11th century specialist in Islamic jurisprudence (sharia), if either the victim or a witness kills the perpetrator of rape during the crime, in order to prevent furthering the violence of the act, the killing is permissible and is exempt from the laws of murder and killing. However right now it is far from uncommon for a woman who raises claims of rape to be not only denied justice, but to be charged as a criminal herself for committing fornication or adultery. DRESS CODE Hijab  is the Quranic requirement that Muslims, both male and female, dress and behave modestly. The most important Quranic verse relating to  hijab  is  sura  , which says, And tell the believing women to lower their gaze and guard their private parts and not to display their adornment except that which ordinarily appears thereof and to draw their headcovers over their chests and not to display their adornment except to their [maharim] There are regional and sectarian variations of the veil associated with  hijab. Depending upon local views regarding female modesty, they may or may not cover the face or the eyes, or the entire body. These variations include: * Hijab  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A scarf covering the hair. * Chador  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A cloak covering the head and body, but leaving the face uncovered; worn by many women in Iran when outside the home. * Shayla  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A long rectangular scarf, pinned or tucked at the shoulder, leaving the face uncovered; worn by many women in the Persian Gulf region. Khimar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A long rectangular scarf, covering the head, neck and shoulders, but leaving the face uncovered. * Burka  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Covers the entire head and body, including the eyes; the wearer sees through a cloth mesh eye veil sewn into the burka. * Al-Amira  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A two-piece veil that includes a close-fitting cap and a tube-shaped scarf covering the head and neck, but leaving the face uncovered. * Niqab  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A veil that leaves the eye clear (although it may be worn with an eye veil), and worn with a headscarf. The  hijab, and the veil in particular, have often been viewed by many as a sign of oppression of Muslim women. The wearing of the  hijab  has become controversial in countries where Muslims are a minority, and where majority secular opinions regard the  hijab  as violating womens freedom, especially in Europe amid increasing immigration of Muslims In some countries where Muslims are a minority, there is much less public opposition to the practise, although concerns about it are discussed. Canadian media, for example, have covered controversies where concerns have been raised over the veil being a possible security risk, as in cases where Muslim women have refused to remove their  niqab  or  burkaveil for voter identification at polls. Case study: India SCHEMES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MUSLIM WOMEN IN INDIA * Multi-Sectoral Development Project (MSDP) to rehabilitate Muslim women who are destitute or have been abandoned by their husbands. WEST BENGAL * Leadership development of minority women scheme. KSWWF(karnatka state wakf foundation for women development)-In the scheme Medical relief is provided to Muslim Minorities woman and girls for medical treatment. * Health Relief to Muslim Minorities Women and Girls- karnatka * Training of Muslim Women in Stitching, Embroidery and Knitting * Providing Computer Training to Minorities Muslim Women * Stipend to Muslim Minorities Girls learning Urdu DTP Course * Starting Pre-Primary School for Muslim Children by NGOs EMPLOYMENT OF MUSLIM WOMEN IN INDIA The constitution of India confers equal citizenship rights on all Indians and provides safeguards for minorities. Constitutional safeguards are meant to ensure the full and active participation of all communities including Muslims in the country’s public life. Article 14 of the Constitution grants equality to all citizens without discrimination on grounds of caste, language or religion.. Muslim women have the lowest work participation rate (WPR) among all three categories of work, with a large gap between the WPRs for Muslim women, Hindu or Christian women. Sixty percent of Muslim women are self-employed – the highest percentage among all three religious categories i. e. Hindus, Christians and Muslims. The living conditions are linked with to the employment patterns and working conditions and the worker population rates for Muslim women are lower than for women in other socio-religious category (SRC). Most of the Muslim women are self employed; they prefer to work at home. As compared to other SRCs, Muslims are concentrated more in self-employed activities and their participation in regular jobs, especially in non-agriculture is much less than for others. A significantly higher share of Muslim workers in self-employment can be seen in urban areas as compared to rural are areas and for women who prefer home-based activities. The share of Muslims in regular work, especially in the government, public sector and large private sector is very low. LIVING CONDITIONS OF INDIAN MUSLIM WOMEN Muslim women are suffering from both internal and external oppression. Muslim men practice what they themselves believe is Islamic and oppress their women and refuse to entertain any thought of change. Many educated Muslim women thus start believing there can be no liberation within Islam and seek their freedom through secular laws. Ultimately, the source of their oppression is sought to be located in Islam itself, which is projected as an allegedly patriarchal religion, supposedly hostile to women’s rights and gender-justice. Wearing of Hijab and Burqa is still in practice in India. So, to conclude, Muslim legal traditions in India, for women have developed to an extent, but the society still remains orthodox and conservative. Muslims are still in minority. Various welfare schemes for the development of Muslim Women have been introduced and the country. . Case study: gulf countries In Gulf countries, following is the prevalent tradition: Education Progress on bridging the gender gap in social indicators has been impressive in Gulf Countries, mainly because of heavy public sector investments in education and health sectors, from which women have benefited significantly. Gulf countries has made substantial gains in the education of women. Statistics show that girls are equal to boys in tertiary, secondary and primary level of education in Gulf countries and 60% of all university students in the six states of the Gulf are women. Employment Women in the Gulf countries had been influenced by societys traditions. Their economic participation and their status position are become low and weak in comparisons with their life at the begging of Islam. Nevertheless, Gulf women have played a role in for as long as these societies have existed, through their effective role in the family and in their tribes, and supplementing the family income with a little local trading or through weaving and handicrafts and agricultural work and in some cases fighting beside their men. Nowadays, women in the Gulf are at the forefront of the economic life of their societies, in the labor force, in politics, in civil organizations, and, in that most crucial area of life, in economics. Gulf countries remain a patriarchal society. Saudi Arabia forbids Muslim women even to drive. , Women earlier weren’t allowed to go to mosques because of fears of unchastity caused by interaction between sexes; this condition persisted until the late 1960s. Since then, women have become increasingly involved in the mosque, though men and women generally worship separately. Dress code and covering the full body, specially for the young women is still very strictly to be followed in some of the Gulf countries. The primary aim of women is not to earn money, but to look after her family, therefore, employment is still less in the gulf countries, even after gradual increase over decades. 1 . http://webspace. webring. com/people/gh/husociology1/1/muslimwomen2008. pdf [ 2 ]. http://www. pucl. org/from-archives/Gender/muslim-women. htm [ 3 ]. http://www. indianexpress. om/news/west-bengal-plans-scheme-to-aid-muslim-women/979145 [ 4 ]. http://articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/2013-01-06/lucknow/36173792_1_minority-women-muslim-women-sachar-committee [ 5 ]. http://kswwf. com/schemes-for-muslim-women. html [ 6 ]. http://www. unhcr. org/refworld/pdfid/469cbfcc0. pdf [ 7 ]. http://www. iimahd. ernet. in/assets/snippets/workingpaperpdf/12051717332012-09-03. pdf , pg-20 [ 8 ]. http://www. csss-isla. com [ 9 ]. http://www. ummid. com/news/2010/January/03. 01. 2010/socio_cultural_impediments_to_muslim_women. htm

Levy Patrick Mwanawasa - President of Zambia 2002-2008

Levy Patrick Mwanawasa - President of Zambia 2002-2008 Born: 3 September 1948 - Mufulira, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia)Died: 19 August 2008 - Paris, France Early LifeLevy Patrick Mwanawasa was born in Mufulira, in Zambias Copperbelt region, part of the small ethnic group, the Lenje. He was educated at Chilwa Secondary School, in Ndola district, and went to read law at University of Zambia (Lusaka) in 1970. He graduated with a Bachelor of Law degree in 1973. Mwanawasa started his career as an assistant in law firm in Ndola in 1974, he qualified for the bar in 1975, and formed his own law company, Mwanawasa and Co., in 1978. In 1982 he was appointed Vice-chairman of Law Association of Zambia and between 1985 and 86 was the Zambian Solicitor-General. In 1989 he successfully defended former vice-president Lieutenant General Christon Tembo and others charged with plotting a coup against then president Kenneth Kaunda. Start of a Political CareerWhen Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda (United National Independence Party, UNIP) approved creation of opposition parties in December 1990, Levey Mwanawasa joined the newly created Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) under the leadership of Fredrick Chiluba. Presidential elections in October 1991 were won by Frederick Chiluba who took office (as Zambias second president) on 2 November 1991. Mwanawasa became a member of National Assembly for Ndola constituency and was appointed vice president and leader of the Assembly by President Chiluba. Mwanawasa was seriously injured in a car accident in South Africa in December 1991 (his aide died at the site) and was hospitalized for an extended period. He developed a speech impediment as a result. Disillusioned with Chilubas GovernmentIn 1994 Mwanawasa resigned as vice president claming the post was increasingly irrelevant (because he was repeatedly sidelined by chiluba) and that his integrity had been put in doubt after an argument with Micheal Sata, minister without portfolio (effectively the cabinet enforcer) in the MMD government. Sata would later challenge Mwanawasa for the presidency. Mwanawasa publicly accused Chilubas government of endemic corruption and economic irresponsibility, and left to devot his time to his old legal practice. In 1996 Levy Mwanawasa stood against Chiluba for the leadership of the MMD but was comprehensively defeated. But his political aspirations were not finished. When Chilubas attempt to change Zambias constitution to allow hi a third term in office failed, Mwanawasa moved to the forefront once again - he was adopted by the MMDs as their candidate for president. President MwanawasaMwanawasa achieved only a narrow victory in the December 2001 election, although his poll result of 28.69% votes cast was sufficient to win him the presidency on a first-past-the-post system. His nearest rival, out of ten other candidates, Anderson Mazoka received 26.76%. Election result was challenged by his opponents (especially by Mazokas party who claimed they had in fact won). Mwanawasa was sworn into office on 2 January 2002. Mwanawasa and the MMD lacked an overall majority in the National Assembly - due to voter distrust of a party Chiluba had brought into disrepute, from Chilubas attempt to hold on to power, and because Mwanawasa was seen as a Chiluba puppet (Chiluba retained the post of MMD party president). But Mwanawasa moved quickly to distance himself from Chiluba, starting an intensive campaign against the corruption which had plagued the MMD. (Mwanawasa also abolished the Ministry of Defense and took over the portfolio personally, retiring 10 senior military officers in the process.) Chiluba gave up presidency of the MMD in March 2002, and under Mwanawasas guidance the National Assembly voted to remove the former presidents immunity to prosecution (he was arrested in February 2003). Mwanawasa defeated a similar attempt to impeach him in August 2003. Ill HealthConcerns over Mwanawasas health arose after he suffered a stroke in April 2006, but he recovered enough to stand once again in presidential elections winning with 43% of the vote. His nearest competitor, Michael Sata of the Patriotic Front (PF) received 29% of the vote. Sata typically claimed voting irregularities. Mwanawasa suffered an second stroke in October 2006. On 29 June 2008, hours before the start of an African Union summit, Mwanawasa had a third stroke reportedly much more severe than the previous two. He was flown to France for treatment. Rumors of his death soon circulated, but were dismissed by the government. Rupiah Banda (member of the United National Independence Pary, UNIP), who had been vice-president during Mwanawasas second term, became acting president on 29 June 2008. On 19 August 2008, in hospital in Paris, Levy Patrick Mwanawasa died of complications due to his earlier stroke. He will be remembered as a political reformist, who secured debt relief and led Zambia through a period of economic growth (partly bolstered by the international rise in the price of copper).

Four forces of evolution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Four forces of evolution - Assignment Example This genetic drift resulted in biological variation between species that had to survive. It was as a result of this drift that isolation of species took place; some species moved to new areas where they interbreed allowing the introduction of new alleles to the population. The introduction of new alleles from the nearby populations resulted in new genetic variation in the populations. Survival of the new populations however required the populations to adapt to their environment. This was made possible by the natural selection force; the force assisted the new formed populations to make beneficial adjustments to their environment, and as a result enhanced their survival. In tandem with this assertion, natural selection shaped genetic variation at the population level favoring some individuals over others. The changes in the genetic structure of the population then resulted in speciation (Haviland, McBride, Prins and Walrath 44). Due to variation in environmental conditions, the geneti c codes of the formed species started changing resulting in new variations. The random mutation of the species’ genetic codes led to genetic variation that resulted in the emergence of new populations. In connection with this, it is evident â€Å"mutation was the ultimate source of evolutionary change, responsible for the constant introduction of new genetic variations† (Haviland, McBride, Prins and Walrath 42). In conclusion, evolution process was enhanced by four forces; natural selection, mutation, gene drift, and gene flow. However, the complexity of human beings is as a result of the mutation process that takes place

Business Law Term Paper (Case Study) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Law Term Paper (Case Study) - Essay Example The jurisdiction of a particular subject matter refers to the authority of the court to preside cases concerning contracts and civil right issues. States court are granted general jurisdiction that allow them to hear any case unless it is prohibited by the law of the state. Some states prohibit subject matter jurisdiction for cases not involving their state citizen, and those that happens outside the state. They also include those that are the mandate of federal courts. In the case study, one of a legal case arising on the jurisdiction is when company violated the law by operating in three different jurisdictions, yet its plumber was licensed in only one jurisdiction. There was a jurisdiction to hear the case between Knarles and Chentum as the state courts have general jurisdiction and the case was among those under the docket of the state laws. Furthermore, it does not qualify to be handled by the federal court (Rakoff, 2013). Tot refers to civil cases or cases that deal with conflicts between private individuals. It can be redressed by paying of damages. This is a remedy by compensating the harmed party by monetary awards. Damages legally refers to the money that law directs one to pay after breach of duty or violation of a particular right. There are two categories of damages, which are punitive and compensatory. In the case of the former, they are awarded to punish the offending party, while the later were awarded to compensate the affected party for the loss or injury. The damages are further classified to liquidated and nominal damages. There are general guidelines that govern the damages to be awarded. For instance, it’s a general concept that punitive damages cannot be imposed in contractual cases that have not been proven to be wanton, deliberate or willful In the study, the case between Knarles and centum falls under the torts, since it is a civil case dealing with a conflict between private individuals. In

Professional Credo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Professional Credo - Essay Example I have come to realize that this is a rather significant and influential value in the course of the interaction between people. In a school setting, this value is portrayed through the interactions of educators with each other and with the students. I believe that for a system to function properly it is of the essence for respect to be existent between the various stakeholders that keep the institution alive. This is because respect is an element, which is two-way. One of the most controversial issues which educators are faced with, and one, which brings about the questioning of respect is when a student means to differ with what the educator is presenting. The notion in this case is that the educator is mostly right in almost all the occasions. For starters, it is significant to note that respect for other people’s opinions is something, which is highly valued in a particular setting. For this reason, an educator has to be in a position to take in and respect what another par ty, particularly a student may pose. Teaching is defined as the cause of knowing something. In this case, the teacher imparts knowledge on the students. This, however, is not to say that the teacher necessarily knows everything. There are those elements which the teacher does not know and on the other hand, there are those elements which the students may have some knowledge of in comparison to the teacher. The one thing, which will make these two parties come to agreement with each other, is the element of respect in them. Respect is something, which I will hold with high esteem in the course of my interaction with the various people in the school. I would not like to disrespect a person because equally I would not like them to disrespect me. I believe that if the students respect each other, they will be in a position to exercise this same respect in other areas, say their education, for example (Noddings, 2010). They will be in a position to see how important this education is. Co mpassion In the course of the teaching profession, there are various instances in which the teacher will get to encounter situations that will demand compassion on the part of the tutor. This is especially in the course of their interactions with their students. There are those students who will be on the wrong in some instances. The true test of compassion on the part of the teacher will be portrayed in the way he or she will handle such students. A case example in this case may be an issue to do with a child who has not carried out his or her assignment majorly because of some upheavals at his or her home. This, as child psychology establishes, is something, which may have some rather devastating effects on the child in question. How will the teacher handle the case of such a child? This is especially if the teacher is punishing other children who have not done the assignment. I believe that compassion is something, which automatically comes up on the part of the teacher majorly a s a result of the situation which he or she may be in. The day-to day activities that are involved with the teaching profession pose situations where the teacher has to exercise compassion (Pierce & Newstorm, 2006). This is especial

Building Management System to Save Energy

Building Management System to Save Energy 1. Introduction of BMS Building Management System (BMS) is to control and monitor building services systems in an efficient way by centralizing the control of individual systems ( 1.1). The systems include HVAC, Fire Services Lift, Escalator, Lighting, Electrical Distribution, Steam Hot Water, and Plumbing Drainage. The main function of BMS is centralized control monitoring and fault management. So it has another name call Central Control and Monitoring System (CCMS). The other functions are enhance interface connectivity between systems, service response to customer, operator control of systems and graphical display to make the control of system more users friendly. Improve energy efficiency and operational efficiency. Allow capacity for future upgrades expansions and automation. And related system Building Automation System (BAS) will be use on BMS. 2. Basic BMS Design 3-Levels BMS Architecture ( 2.1): l Management Level User can configure and monitor plant performance. Anticipate future trends, improve efficiency, and analyze management report. l Automation / Controller Level The location with greatest technical control requirement, and differentiate one from others. Controllers automatically perform their tasks from I/P and to O/P. Controllers can communicate with each other (Peer-to-Peer). Event based operation. The devices can function at the highest efficiency and no repetitive information is transmitted. Controllers only react with the Management Level when plant goes out of limits, and adjustments are made through a user interface. l Field / Floor Level Information is gathered through sensors and other intelligent devices. The information will be sent back to the controllers. Third party equipment is integrated into the Automation and Field levels with control at the Management level. Centralized Architecture: Centrally controlled system ( 2.5) A control system in which transmission is to a central computer and the reliance of all controls on a central computer. Distributed Architecture: Distributed control ( 2.6) A control system in which control computations and intelligence are made at different locations and the result coordinated. System Architecture: The constraints of BMS are network expansion, the limited variety of topologies and transmission media. The solutions are mixing of communication media (twisted pair, power line, radio, infra-red, fibre optics, coaxial). Complete implementation of OSI model. Using free topology, user-friendly software and development cost. System Topology Topology affects system redundancy, communication protocol and system response time. The common system topologies such as: Bus, Star, Tree, Ring and Mesh. Bus Topology ( 2.7) All devices are connected to a central cable, call the bus or backbone. The advantage is much less cabling requirements. The brands using include Ethernet, Profitbus, ControlNet, LonWorks. Star Topology ( 2.8) All devices are conned to a central hub. Star networks are relatively easy to install and manage, but bottlenecks can occur because all data must pass through the hub. Cable fault affects one device only. But communication hub fault affects all devices. The brands using include Ethernet, Profitbus, ControlNet, LonWorks. Tree Topology ( 2.9) The topology combines characteristics of linear bus and star topologies. It consists of groups of star-configured workstations connected to a linear bus backbone cable. Tree topologies allow for the expansion of an existing network, and enable schools to configure a network to meet their needs. Device at the highest point in the hierarchy controls the network. The brands using include Ethernet, Profitbus, ControlNet, LonWorks. Ring Topology ( 2.10) All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it. Same as bus network with both edges connect. The brands using include Token Ring, FDDI, Profitbus. Mesh Topology (Fig 2.11) Network topology which combines more than one basic topology such as bus, ring, or star. Good for redundancy. It will use lots of cable to connect every device with every device. Considerations in Topology Layout for automating building with vast amount of points require well-designed network segmentation, in order to achieve a good performance infrastructure. Well designed structured network by using repeaters, bridges or even better using routers to improve network reliability and simplify network troubleshooting. Some reasons why segmenting a network is important: Isolation of individual network segments in order to limit the propagation of a single fault to one segment and prevent this single fault from spreading out over the entire network. Different nodes demand different communication media and different network speeds but they all need to communicate with each other, which requires and interconnection between the different networking media. Increase the number of possible nodes in a single network and increase the number of possible nodes in a single network. Keep local traffic within one segment in order to avoid network traffic overload conditions which will make service like HVAC, lighting malfunction. BMS Configurations There are three types configurations using in BMS: 1. Conventional configuration Server workstations daisy chained with DDCs (usually using RS-485). Typical RS-485 Controller Level network ( 2.14) relatively low bandwidth (around 9600 bps). The limited nodes around 100, and the distance is lower than 1200m. Only for data transmission. Controller Level Network 2. Ethernet-Based configuration Use Ethernet as transmission media. Servers, Workstations and DDCs on the same Ethernet platform. Typical Ethernet-Based Network ( 2.15) with high bandwidth (typical 1Gbps backbone). Use IP Technology means open platform for various applications. Virtually no distance limitation. Always use for data, voice video systems. Ethernet-Based Network 3. Hybrid configuration ( 2.16) Non-hierarchy architecture with combination of different independent networks and interfaces. Various network topologies. Hybrid Configuration Networking Protocol Protocol ( 2.17) is a set of rules, which allows computer/controllers/devices to communicate from one to another. Proprietary Protocols developed by systems or computer manufacture to communicate to their OWN hardware and software over a recommended network. Open Protocols opening up protocols means disclosing procedures, structures, and codes and allowing other system developers to write interfaces and share data on their network. Acceptance of an open protocol depends on its quality, features, and services provided. 2.17 Protocol The OSI Seven Layer Model ( 2.18) Each layer has a defined set of functions. The model provides a useful common reference to communicate protocol. Most communication protocols including those used in our field today use either all or some of the seven layers of the OSI model. 1. Network-capable Applications produce DATA. 2. Each protocol layer adds a header to the data it receives from the layer above it. This is called encapsulation. Encapsulated data is transmitted in Protocol Data Units (PDUs). There are Presentation PDUs, Session PDUs, Transport PDUs etc. 3. PDUs are passed down through the stack of layers (called the stack for short) until they can be transmitted over the Physical layer. 4. Any layer on one machine speaks the same language as the same layer on any other machine, and therefore can communicate via the Physical layer. 5. Data passed upwards is unencapsulated before being passed farther up. 6. All information is passed down through all layers until it reaches the Physical layer. 7. The Physical layer chops up the PDUs and transmits the PDUs over the wire. The Physical layer provides the real physical connectivity between machines over which all communication occurs. 2.18 OSI Seven Layer Model The Physical layer provides for physical connectivity between networked devices. Transmission and receipt of data from the physical medium is managed at this layer. The Physical layer receives data from the Data Link Layer, and transmits it to the wire. The Physical layer controls frequency, amplitude, phase and modulation of the signal used for transmitting data, and performs demodulation and decoding upon receipt. Note that for two devices to communicate, they must be connected to the same type of physical medium (wiring). Ether to Ether, FDDI to FDDI etc. Two end stations using different protocols can only communicate through a multi-protocol bridge or a router. The physical layer is responsible for two jobs: 1. Communication with the Data link layer. 2. Transmission and receipt of data. The Datalink Layer is the second layer of the OSI model. The datalink layer performs various functions depending upon the hardware protocol used, but has four primary functions: 1. COMMUNICATION with the Network layer above. 2. SEGMENTATION of upper layer datagrams (also called packets) into frames in sizes that can be handled by the communications hardware. 3. BIT ORDERING. Organizing the pattern of data bits before transmission (packet formatting) 4. COMMUNICATION with the Physical layer below. This layer provides reliable transit of data across a physical link. The datalink layer is concerned with physical addressing, network topology, physical link management, error notification, ordered delivery of frames, and flow control. Network Layer establishes and terminates connections between the originator and recipient of information over the network. Assign unique addresses to each node on the network. The addresses identify the beginning and end of the data transmission packets. Outbound data is passed down from the Transport layer, is encapsulated in the Network layers protocol and then sent to the Datalink layer for segmentation and transmission. Inbound data is de-fragmented in the correct order, the IP headers are removed and then the assembled datagram is passed to the Transport layer. The Network layer is concerned with the following primary functions: 1. Communication with the Transport layer above. 2. Management of connectivity and routing between hosts or networks. 3. Communication with the Datalink layer below. Transport Layer maintain reliability on the network and enhances data integrity by delivering error-free data in the proper sequence. It may use a variety of techniques such as a Cyclic Redundancy Check, windowing and acknowledgements. If data is lost or damaged it is the Transport layers responsibility to recover from that error. Functions: 1. Communicate with the Session layer above. 2. Detect errors and lost data, retransmit data, reassemble datagrams into datastreams 3. Communicate with the Network layer below. The session layer tracks connections, also called sessions. For example: keep track of multiple file downloads requested by a particular FTP application, or multiple telnet connections from a single terminal client, or web page retrievals from a Web server. In the World of TCP/IP this is handled by application software addressing a connection to a remote machine and using a different local port number for each connection. The session performs the following functions: 1. Communication with the Presentation layer above. 2. Organize and manage one or more connections per application, between hosts. 3. Communication with the Transport layer below. The Presentation layer handles the conversion of data formats so that machines can present data created on other systems. For example: handle the conversion of data in JPG/JPEG format to Sun Raster format so that a Sun machine can display a JPG/JPEG image. The Presentation layer performs the following functions: 1. Communication with the Application layer above. 2. Translation of standard data formats to formats understood by the local machine. 3. Communication with the Session layer below. The application layer is the application in use by the user. For example: a web browser, an FTP, IRC, Telnet client other TCP/IP based application like the network version of Doom, Quake, or Unreal. The Application layer provides the user interface, and is responsible for displaying data and images to the user in a recognizable format. The application layers job is to organize and display data in a human compatible format, and to interface with the Presentation layer. Message Frame Format Fig 2.19 Message Frame Format Master-Slave Protocol (2.20) The control station is called master device. Only master device can control the communication. It may transmit messages without a remote request. No slave device can communicate directly with another slave device. 2.20 Master-Slave Protocol Peer-to-Peer Protocol (2.21) All workstations are loaded with the same peer-to-peer network operating system. Each workstation configured as service requester (client), service provide (server), or even BOTH. 2.21 Peer-to-Peer Protocol Client-Server Protocol (2.22) Client workstation are loaded with specialized client software. Server computers are loaded with specialized server software designed to be compatible with client software. 2.22 Client-Server Protocol The CSMA/CE Protocol is designed to provide fair access to the shared channel so that all stations get a chance to use the network. After every packet transmission all stations use the CSMA/CD protocol to determine which station gets to use the Ethernet channel next. CSMA/CD likes a dinner party in a dark room: Everyone around the table must listen for a period of quiet before speaking (Carrier Sense). Once a space occurs everyone has an equal chance to say something (Multiple Access). If two people start talking at the same instant they detect that fact, and quit speaking (Collision Detection). IEEE 802.3 standard covers CSMA/CD. Switched Ethernet nodes are connected to a switch using point-to-point connections, When a frame arrives at the switch, the control logic determines the transmit port. If the transmit port is busy, the received frame is stored in the queue which is a First-in First-out (FIFO) queue. The memory to store pending frames is obtained from a shared memory pool. In case the memory is full, the received frame is dropped. Networking Cables Copper wire pairs are the most basic of the data media. †¢ Two wire untwisted pair The insulated wire conductors run in parallel, often in a moulded, flat cable. Normally used over short distances or at low bit rates, due to problems with crosstalk and spurious noise pickup. Performance in multiple conductor cables is enhanced by dedicating every second cable as a ground (zero volt reference), and by the use of electrically banetworkced signals. 1. A single wire is used for the signal transmission/reception 2. A common reference level/point is existed between the transmitter and receiver 3. It is the simplest connection technique but it is sensitive to noise, interference, loss, and signal reflection 4. It is suitable for short distance and low data rate application (Normally less than 200Kb-meter/s) †¢ Twisted Pair The insulated conductors are twisted together, leading to better electrical performance and significantly higher bit rates than untwisted pairs. UTP is unshielded, like telephone cable, whilst STP is shielded and capable of higher bit rates. Systems using banetworkced signals obtain the highest bit rates. 1. Twisting or wrapping the two wires around each other reduces induction of outside interference 2. 1 to 5 twists per inch is quite typical †¢ Cheap and moderate bit rate applications 3. For a few km distance the bit rate can be up to 10Mb/s, and 100Mb/s can be achievable for short distance applications like 100m 2.23 Two wire untwisted pair and Twisted Pair Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): †¢Composed of two of more pairs of wires twisted together †¢Not shielded †¢Signal protected by twisting of wires †¢Impedance of 100W †¢Recommended conductor size of 24 AWG 2.24 Unshielded Twisted Pair Cat5e: 100MHz ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 Cat6: 250MHz Cat7: 600MHz Undercarpet: †¢Susceptibility to damage †¢Limited flexibility for MACs (move, add and change) †¢Distance limit of 10m †¢Avoid in high traffic areas, heavy furniture locations, cross undercarpet power on top at 90 degrees 2.25 Cat3, Cat5e and Cat6 Cable Screened Twisted-Pair (ScTP): †¢Characteristic impedance of 100 W †¢Four pair 22-24 AWG solid conductors †¢Mylar/aluminum sheath around all conductors †¢Drain wire that must be grounded 2.26 Screened Twisted-Pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): †¢Composed of two pairs of wires †¢Metal braid or sheathing that reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) †¢Must be grounded †¢Characteristic impedance of 150 W †¢Conductor size is 22 AWG †¢Electrical performance is better than UTP (300MHz bandwidth) †¢More expensive †¢Harder to handle thick and heavy 2.27 Shielded Twisted Pair Coaxial Cable (Coax): Composed of insulated center conductor with braided shied. It provides high degree of protection against EMI. †¢Because the electrical field associated with conduction is entirely carried inside the cable; problems with signal radiation are minimized very little energy escapes, even at high frequency. †¢There is little noise pick up from external sources. Thus, higher bit rates can be used over longer distances than with twisted pairs 2.28 Coaxial Cable Series 6 (Video): †¢Characteristic impedance of 75 ohms †¢Mylar/aluminum sheath over the dielectric †¢Braided shield over the mylar †¢18 AGW solid-center conductor 2.29 Series 6 Series 11U (Video): †¢Characteristic impedance of 75ohms †¢Mylar/aluminum sheath over the dielectric †¢Braided shield over the mylar †¢14 AWG solid-center conductor or 18 AWG stranded-center conductor 2.30 Series 11U Series 8: †¢50 ohms characteristic impedance †¢Multiple mylar/aluminum sheath over the dielectric †¢Multiple braided shield over the mylar †¢11 AWG solid-center conductor 2.31 Series 8 Series 58 A/U: †¢50 ohms characteristic impedance †¢Mylar/aluminum sheath over the dielectric †¢Braided shield over the mylar †¢20 AWG solid-center conductor 2.32 Series 58 A/U Fibre Optics: Higher bandwidth and much lower signal loss than copper conductors. It used in the backbone or in horizontal runs of huge control network. †¢The data is carried as pulses of light from a laser or high-power LED. †¢Optical fibre is non-electrical, hence is completely immune from electrical radiation and interference problems. It has the highest bit rate of all media. †¢The fibre consists of an inner glass filament, contained inside a glass cladding of lower refractive index, with an outer protective coating. In a step index fibre, there is a sudden transition in refractive index. A graded index fibre has a gradual transition from high to low index, and much higher performance. †¢Most common fibres are multimode, where the inner fibre is larger than the wavelength of the light signal, allowing multiple paths to exist, and some dispersion to limit the obtainable bit rate. In single mode fibres, the inner fibre is very thin, and extremely high bit rates (several Gbps) can be achieved over long distances. 2.33 Fibre Optics Multimode Fibre: Composed of a 50 or 62.5 micron core and 125 micron cladding. It commonly used in horizontal and intrabuilding backbones. It has distance limitation of 2000m. Often uses a light-emitting diode (LED) light source. †¢The center core is much larger and allows more light to enter the fiber †¢Since there are many paths that a light ray may follow as it propagates down the fiber, large time dispersion may occur which results in short distance applications or bandwidth reduction †¢Because of the large central core, it is easy to couple light into and out of the this type of fiber †¢It is inexpensive and simple to manufacture †¢Typical value: 62.5/125 Multi-Mode Graded Index †¢It is characterized by a center core that has non-uniform refractive index †¢The refractive index is maximum at the center and decreases gradually towards the outer edge †¢The performance is a compromise between single-mode step index fiber and multi-mode step index fiber 2.34 Multi-Mode Fibre Singlemode Fibre: It composed of a 6 or 9 micron core and 125 micron cladding (say8/125 or 9/125). It used for distances up to 3000m. It uses a laser light source. †¢Small core diameter so that there is essentially only one path that light may Take care,as it propagates down the fiber †¢ There is minimum time dispersion because all rays propagating down the fiber with the same delay time and results in wider bandwidth (i.e. high bit rate) †¢ Because of the small central core, it is difficult to couple light into and out of the this type of fiber †¢ It is expensive and difficult to manufacture †¢ Typical value: 9/125 2.35 Singlemode Fibre 2.36 LAN Media Technology Analysis Open System The definition of open system is that system implements sufficient open standards for interfaces and services. It is supporting formats to enable properly engineered components to be utilized across a wide range of systems and to interoperate with other components. And that system in which products and services can be mixed and matched from set of suppliers; and supports free exchange of information/data between different systems without inserting gateways or proprietary tools. Some benefits from Interoperability: †¢Devices can be shared among different subsystems. †¢Reduce cost, shorten installation time, and reduce complexity as parts are being reduced. †¢Devices in different subsystems can interact with each other; therefore, new breed of applications can be created easily. †¢Owners can choose the best-of-breed products from different manufacture. †¢Elimination of gateway dependency, especially during system upgrade. †¢Allow move-add-change relatively easy, hence lower life-cycle costs. The characteristics of open system are well defined, widely used, preferably nonproprietary interfaces/protocols; Use of standards which are developed/adopted by recognized standards bodies or the commercial market place; and definition of all aspects of system interfaces to facilitate new or additional systems capabilities for a wide range of applications. The different between proprietary protocols and open protocols; For Proprietary protocols, most manufactures have their own proprietary protocols within their systems, so no communication between Systems unless a gateway is deployed. For open protocols, it allows systems of different manufacturers to communicate. Systems communicate with each other. 2.1 BMS Open System Modbus: A high-level protocol for industrial networks developed in 1979 by Modicon (now Schneider Automation Inc.) for use with its PLCs. It is providing services at layer 7 of the OSI model. Modbus defines a request/response message structure for a client/server environment. It is the most commonly available means of connecting industrial electronic devices. Several common types of Modbus: l Modbus RTU n A compact, binary representation of the data. l Modbus ASSII n Human readable more verbose. l Modbus/TCP n Very similar to Modbus RTU but is transmitted within TCP/IP data packets. 2.37 Modbus 2.2 BMS Open System ARCent: Attached Resource Computer NETwork (ARCnet) was founded by the Data point Corporation in late 1970s. ARCnet was one of the topologies used early on networking and is rarely used as the topology of choice in current LAN environments. ARCnet, however, still is a solid, functional and cost effective means of networking. Each device on an ARCnet network is assigned a node number. This number must be unique on each network and in the range of 1 to 255. ARCnet manages network access with a token passing bus mechanism. The token (permission to speak on the network) is passed from the lowest number node to higher number nodes in ascending order. Lower numbered addresses get the token before the higher numbered addresses. Network traffic is made more efficient by assigning sequential numbers to nodes using the same order in which they are cabled. Choosing random numbers can create a situation in which a node numbered 23 can be a whole building away from the next number, 46, but in the same ro om as numbers 112 and 142. The token has to travel in a haphazard manner that is less effective than if you numbered the three workstations in the same office sequentially, 46, 47, and 48, and the workstation in the other building 112. With this configuration, the packet stays within the office before venturing on to other stations. A maximum time limit of 31 microseconds is allotted for an ARCnet signal. This is also called a time-out setting. Signals on an ARCnet can travel up to 20,000 feet during the 31-microsecond default time-out period. You can sometimes extend the range of an ARCnet by increasing the time out value. However, 20,000 feet is the distance at which ARCnet signals begin to seriously degrade. Extending the network beyond that distance can result in unreliable or failed communication. Therefore, the time-out parameter and cabling distance recommendations should be increased only with great caution. An ARCnet network is used primarily with either coax or twisted pair cable. Most older ARCnet installations are coax and use RG-62 A/U type cable terminated with 93 Ohm terminators. Twisted pair (UTP) installations are newer and use stranded 24 or 26 gauge wire, or solid core 22, 24, or 26 gauge type cable terminated with 100-Ohm terminators. Many ARCnet networks use a mix of both coax and UTP cabling. UTP cable is simple to install and provides a reliable connection to the devices, whereas coax provides a means to span longer distances. Typical ARCnet installations are wired as a star. ARCnet can run off a linear bus topology using coax or twisted pair as long as the cards specifically support BUS. The most popular star-wired installations of ARCnet run off two types of hubs: 1. Passive hubs cannot amplify signals. Each hub has four connectors. Because of the characteristics of passive hubs, unused ports must be equipped with a terminator, a connector containing a resistor that matches the ARCnet cabling characteristics. A port on a passive hub can only connect to an active device (an active hub or an ARCnet device). Passive hubs can never be connecte

Comparing Dreams in Song of Solomon, Push, and Incidents in the Life of

A Dream Revised in Song of Solomon, Push, and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   America was founded on the belief that "all men are created equal." However, a question must be posed which asks who constitutes "men" and what is "equal"? Where do women fit into the picture? What about minorities? The Declaration of Independence serves as the framework for rules that govern the people who fall beneath it, but who were the architects of the infamous work? They were white, upper class, men. They looked at slavery as a grievous sin, yet they allowed it to occur for decades. Immigrants from all parts of the country came to America to be free from persecution and terror; unfortunately, people were not free in America's own backyard. Why did hundreds of thousands of people leave their homes to start fresh in a new world? The answer is simple; they wanted a glimpse of the American Dream, but that look into a prosperous future was not for all people. The founding fathers left an enormous hole in the document that established the first set of rules that would govern this new country. They did not include minorities in their representation of men being equal. The only ones who were considered equal were immigrants who came on their own, who left their past behind them, and who kept their social structures in tact. For everyone else, they learned soon enough that they must abandon that dream for one that favors setbacks, the need to rise again, and a quest for group dignity.    From the time that Africans were taken from their country and enslaved in a new world, they have fought to retain dignity and grace in circumstances that were deplorable. Even slaves who were well taken care of were not able ... ...is life ends, and Push gives very intimate insight to a young abused girl who is fighting to survive. All of these stories have characters who have hopes and dreams of being successful, but fall short in some way because the Declaration of Independence did not include them and the desire to reach the American Dream is not an open invitation to Africans like it is to other immigrant groups. They are not voluntary participants in American society; therefore, they must settle for less than others have to. They must fight twice as hard to have half as much as others.    Works Cited: Brent, Linda. "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl". The Classic Slave Narratives. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: Penguin Group, 1987. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: The Penguin Group, 1977. Sapphire. Push. New York: Vintage Contemporaries, 1996.

Economics & restaurant price

The restaurant price and whole price data shows that cost based and price discrimination based theory has been applied to the fifty wine products listed. The groups of wine are divided into to groups. They are the red win group and the white wine group. The data shows that the restaurant owners bought the wines from the whole sale store. The restaurant owner then adds a markup to cover for the cost of running a restaurant. The cost of running a restaurant includes the whole cost of the wine bought from the wholesale store and the cost serving the wine.Waiters, cashiers and dishwashers are part of the wine serving process(Brown,16). The additional restaurant wine includes the additional cleanup, the cost of storing the wine in the wine store room, the cost of managing and ensuring continuous stocks of the wines in the restaurant storeroom. The additional markup includes the cost of paying a wine connoisseur. He is an expert in wine criticism and advices the company on which wine to bu y, how long to store the wines in the store room, and also how to serve wine.The most important reason for introducing markups is to charge the restaurant clients for staying long hours on their tables talking business, or seducing a love object. In addition, the data presented showing that the restaurant price is an amount that has a mark –up of ninety –nine percent or more above the cost of buying the wines is definitely true. The restaurants add markups based on the willingness of the customers to pay the additional prices. This market segment does not care about the price of wine because they know that they want to add the high –priced wine to the food that they gobble up in the restaurants.This market segment even prefer to buy the high priced wines just for the pride of showing to their next table clients and to their restaurant friends that they have lots and lots of money. This market segment is willing to pay more for a wine because they feel that these wines rare and are of higher quality than the other wine brands(Philips,18). The data showing the fifteen wines clearly indicates that the restaurant charges each client a higher fee for the rare and higher –quality ones. The data also shows that the restaurant owners charge clients higher if they feel that the clients can afford to pay higher for the wines.On the other hand, the restaurant is willing to charge a higher markup if they foresee that the client is a little hard up on cash upon entering the restaurant. The implications of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above are many. One implication is that the restaurant must introduce the markups in order to stay in the business. A business would not survive if it does not make the bottom line. The bottom line is that the company must generate a net profit. A company that does not make a profit generates a loss. A company that generates a loss would not look good to the stakeholders of the company.Th e stakeholders of the company includes the stockholders, the employees, the customers, the suppliers, the community, the government regulating agencies, the labor unions, and even the board of directors if there are any. Another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that there are customers who do not mind the markups. Many of the customers can easily see that the higher amount they pay for the wines bought in restaurants is because they are will savor an hour or two of their romantic interludes and seduction in the restaurants.They will use the restaurant to sort of ‘lay their cards down’ in the courtship game of life. This is the value that the restaurant clients get in exchange for willingly paying more for a bottle of wine. Another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that the restaurant prices of some wines are higher than the other wine choices. The $14. 25 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 96 percent of the cost. The $17. 00 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 182 percent of the cost. The $18. 00 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 133 percent of the cost.The $21. 60 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 99 percent of the cost. The $12. 50 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 180 percent of the cost. Another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that there are people who can afford the higher cost of wines. The $17. 00 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 182 percent of the cost. The $12. 50 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 180 percent of the cost. The $ 7. 50 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 220 percent of the cost. The $14.63 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 180 percent of the cost. The $13. 50 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 196 percent of the cost. The $ 6. 75 restaurant wine price is price d at a markup of 255 percent of the cost. Another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that there different wine qualities. The $ 6. 75 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 255 percent of the cost. The $14. 25 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 96 percent of the cost. The $17. 58 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 133 percent of the cost.The $17. 00 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 182 percent of the cost. The $ 7. 50 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 220 percent of the cost. The $18. 00 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 133 percent of the cost. The $19. 20 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 119 percent of the cost. Another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that the business will survive. The different prices of the wines show that they are done to fit the budget of the clients. One wine is priced at $28 a bo ttle.Another wine is priced at Another wine is priced at $48. Another wine is priced at $78. Another wine is priced at $122. Another wine is priced at $32. Another wine is priced at $40. Another wine is priced at $24(Haslam,100). The above discussion shows that there many implications of variances in the restaurant prices when compared to the whole prices. Definitely, One implication is that the restaurant must introduce the markups in order to stay in the business. Clearly, another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that there are customers who do not mind the markups.Undoubtedly, another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that the restaurant prices of some wines are higher than the other wine choices. Surely, another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that there are people who can afford the higher cost of wines. Truly, another implication of th e cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that there different wine qualities. Unquestionably, another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that the business will survive.Conclusively, the restaurant pricing above is founded on the economic principles of supply and demand(McConnell & Brue,52). REFERENCES: Haslam, C. , Economics in a Business Context, Oxford, Taylor & Francis, 1989 McConnell, C. , Brue, S. , Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies, N. Y. , McGraw- Hill, 2005 Brown, D. , The Restaurant Manager’s Hnadbook: How to Set Up, Operate, and Manage a Financially Succesful Food Service Operation. N. Y. , Atlantic Press, 2003 Philips, L. , The Economics of Price Discrimination: four essays in applied price theory, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983

Frito-Lay Essays - Frito-Lay, Lays, Output Device, Inputoutput

Frito-Lay Essays - Frito-Lay, Lays, Output Device, Inputoutput Frito-Lay 1 This paper's intent is to answer the questions found at the end of the case study "IT Helps Keep Frito-Lay in the Chips." We plan to identify the key input and output devices used in Frito-Lay's information system. Also, the steps that the IT professionals at Frito-Lay took to create a system that would be easy to use as well as what steps we would take as managers to introduce the employees to the information system that will be discussed. The question of "how will Frito-Lay's information system help it achieve its goals" will be explored. At Frito-Lay they use a variety of input devices, among those are keyboards, mice, terminals, trackballs and bar coded scanners. To understand fully the extent they have gone to at Frito-Lay, the types of input devices needs to be examined. One of their key input devices is the "brick." The "brick" is a handheld computer, which will be discussed at greater length in the next paragraph. The next important piece of input hardware is the receiving end of the "uplink." The "uplink" transfers data from the truck to the mainframe where the data can is inputted. Once the mainframe has the data, it can be analyzed. Analyzing the data includes determining the order replacement stock and calculating replacement stock. The "user friendly graphical interface" is another important input device that Frito-Lay uses. This device allows employees with very little computer experience to work with computers. The bar code scanners are optical code readers. These devices read the universal product code (UPC) from the package. Output devices include visual displays (monitors), printers and transmission devices 2 linked to satellites. The monitors are found on various computers, from the handheld to the to the typical PC that most of us are familiar with. Monitors probably provide the most visible output device for Frito- Lay. The monitors undoubtably come in a wide range of sizes, colors, graphics standards, resolution and bit mapping capabilities. Like the monitors, the printers are found in various roles and places. In the truck there is a printer that is used for a localized effort producing an itemized sales ticket. This specially designed printout is geared toward spotting problems and targeting sales. These are two very important business activities, where success is calculated "bag by bag." Throughout the company their are printers of a more conventional nature. It would be expected to find impact printers as well as nonimpact printers. The nonimpact variety is more common today, however you might find the impact variety in the truck where multiple copies might lend itself to be! ing preferred. Of the Impact printers you might encounter consider dot matrix, character, and line. The nonimpact devices include laser, ink jet and thermal printers. The company may also include plotters, which are handy for charts and graphs, line drawing and blueprints. Another device that the company uses is the uplink. The uplink allows the truck to transmit real time information back to the mainframe for evaluation. The IT professionals at Frito-Lay created a system that would be easy to use. First they created a color-coded chart for all region of the country. When a region showed red, it meant a loss of sales. This helped them track down their problems when sales were eroded in specific areas. They also made it easy to input the raw 3 information. The information came from two sources. The primary source came from the hand held computer, the "brick." This device is carried by 12,000 employees who sell and deliver Frito-Lay products to the stores. Once inside the store they log inventory, determine replacement stock, and determine promotional discounts. At the truck the computer is plugged into a printer that produces an itemized sales ticket. All the sales information is transmitted at the same time via satellite to the mainframe. The second way that the raw data is collected is by the bar code scanners that they have in 400,000 stores. Within a week they can break down sales of corn chips by brand in a region or specific store. They can also judge other products or review promotional events. Frito-Lay has teamed up with Lotus and designed a graphical interface that is easy to use, even

Every AP World History Practice Test Available

Every AP World History Practice Test Available SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Need some free resources to help you prepare for the AP World History exam? This complete collection of AP World History practice testshas links to free multiple-choice questions designed for the complete AP World History curriculum, as well as real AP free-response questions and a full-lengthpractice test. Read on to learn how to use these resources and to get links to hundreds of AP World History practice questions. Important Note on the Recent AP World History Revision Unfortunatelyfor the state of AP World History practice exam resources,the AP World History Test was just revised for 2016-2017(and underwent some minor changes during the 2017-2018 school year.)This means that there are very few resources available- official or unofficial- that are up-to-date andreflect the recent changes tothe test. This primarily affects the practice resources available for the free-response section, which has been substantially revised. Previously, the free-response section had three essay questions: a document-based question, a "continuity and change over time," essay, and a "comparative essay." Now there are only two essay questions: the DBQ, which has a new, substantially revised rubric, and the Long Essay Question (LEQ). For the LEQ you will be presented with two question optionsand write about one. With these changes, the free-response section now mirrors those of AP US History and AP European History, which were also recently revised. We've flagged everything you need to know about using practice resources in light of the revisions to the test in this article. How to Use These Resources On the most basic level, you'll use these resources to get familiar with the format and feel of the AP test and to make sure you know the content necessary to succeed on the test. It's important to note, however, that there aretwo main categories of practice resources available: official College Board practice resources and unofficial resources. Official College Board resources are the most similar to the actual AP test.(Which makes sense, because they are the ones who write the test!) You'll use these to make sure you're comfortable with the test format and question style. Unofficial resources, however, are much more plentiful.The multiple-choice questions we link to come from two main places- textbook websites and study websites. While these resources are high quality, they won’t be exactly like the AP test. Some questions are easier; some are much harder. Some sections have true/false questions mixed in with multiple-choice while the AP test has only multiple-choice questions. Unofficial resources can be very helpful for studying, particularly for learning content, butofficial resources will give you the most accurate feel for what the AP test will actually be like. Next we'll go over official, College-Board created resources and how to use them best. Then we'll present the unofficial resources out there. Official Resources There are two kinds of official College Board resources: sample multiple-choice questions, and free response questions (both current and in the old format). There isno official released practice test for AP World History.However, you could cobble one together by supplementing the practice questions from the current AP Course and Exam Descriptionwith additional multiple-choice questions from the 20 AP Course and Exam Description (you'll need to use 26 of 30 to make it to the requisite 55).If you decide to do that to get the full exam experience, follow the section timing as laid out here(105 minutes for section I, and 90 minutes for section II). Otherwise, here are your options: Official Multiple-Choice and Short Answer Questions There are two places to get official multiple-choice questions: The new AP Course and Exam Description (29 multiple-choice questions, 4 short answer) The 20 AP Course and Exam Description (30 multiple-choice questions, 4 short answer) You can use these to get a feel for the multiple choice and short answer portions of the test, or you can Macguyver a practice test as suggested above. If you do go with the practice test option, wait until at least March so that you know enough material to avoid being totally frustrated by the amount of material you don't know. Official Free-Response Questions The new AP Course and Exam Description has an up-to-date practice DBQ and practice Long Essay. Even if you don't do a makeshift practice test with new and old course descriptions as suggested above, I strongly advise that youtake a timed essay sectionusing these questions by the beginning of April at the latest. This will give you enough time to see if you are really missing any essential skill areas you need to patch up before exam day. Otherwise, there are tons and tons of old free-response questions available at the College Board website. However,they are all in the old format.This means that the only questions that will really be useful to you are the old DBQs- the new LEQ is too different from the other old essays for those to be very helpful. If you do use old DBQs, be sure to write your essay with the new rubric in mindas the requirements for a top score have changed. A major change, for example, is that you are no longer required to make document "groups." I advise also using the new rubric to grade your own essays as best you can- or, even better, get someone else to grade them! While official resources are essential for getting a feel for the experience of taking the test, there aren't that many- so you'll need to supplement your studying with unofficial resources. Unofficial Resources The unofficial resourceswe found are from two broad categories: study websites and textbook websites. Many of the quizzes from study websites are organized by AP theme and time period and contain mixed geographic areas, so these would be good unit review resources throughout the year and will also be helpful as you ramp up your studying for the exam in the spring. Most of the quizzes from textbooks are organized by time period, so they can be used to check your mastery of certain historical eras (broken down by geographical area) as you learn about them in class. But don’t, for example, take every single test on ancient Greece when you first learn about it in August or September – save some for when you study in March and April so you can review (we have tendifferent quiz sources so you should have more than enough to practice with!). For all multiple-choice questions, remember to practice process of elimination (eliminating answers you know are definitely wrong). Especially if you use the textbook websites, the questions could have a high level of specificity, and you’ll have to break them down by eliminating wrong answers.This is a key skill to build for the actual AP exam since the test questions will be slightly different than your teacher’s tests and your textbook’s quizzes, soyou’ll need to be prepared to break them down using your existing knowledge base. Often the wrong way is much easier to spot than the right way. Quizzes from Study Websites Without further ado, here are the links to the various free study resources for AP World History. First up: quizzes from study websites! Soft Schools These quizzes are super handy because they are focused by AP theme and time period (e.g. â€Å"Technological and Environmental Transformations, to 600 BCE†), and aren’t limited to one geographic area. This is a great resource for preparing for the AP multiple-choice section, which will jump between geographic areas and time periods. Albert.io Like Soft Schools, Albert.io is a collection of quizzes by AP theme and time period. It also rates questions as â€Å"easy,† â€Å"moderate,† and â€Å"difficult,† to give you a sense of how deeply you understand the World History curriculum (if you’re getting a lot of the â€Å"difficults† correct, you’re definitely paying attention!). Global Studies Review Page This has detailed multiple-choice quizzes organized by geographic area. Since this is not designed with the AP World History test in mind, this should be used as a resource to build your overall knowledge of specific regions (which will be necessary to do well on AP World History multiple-choice). I especially recommend checking this page out if there is a specific geographic area or time period you’re struggling with. My Max Score Practice Test Here's a full, unofficial practice test in the old format. Not much help for the free-response section, but a great multiple-choice question resource. The answer key even has explanations! Textbook Chapter Quizzes Before we get into the links to textbook quizzes, a quick word of advice: if your class’s textbook is not on here, your book might have online quizzes behind a paywall, so definitely check that possibility out! But if your textbook is here and your teacher uses these textbook quizzes for class, use the other websites so you don’t step on his or hertoes. (You wouldn’t want to be accused of cheating, even if the quizzes are readily available online.) For all of these links, navigate to the chapter of the textbook with the content you want to study (whether that’s Ancient China or the Cold War). For some of the websites this is pretty straightforward, for others, it's a bit more complicated. For example, this is how to find the quizzes from Voyages in World History: This is where you'll land after clicking on the link. In the drop-down menu, choose the chapter you want to focus on. In this particular menu, the chapters are just labeled by number and not title, so you need to click on them to see their content. For example, when I click on "Chapter 7" I see the focus of the chapter is the Roman Empire and rise of Christianity. Click on "ACE the Test" in the blue side-bar to get to the chapter quiz. Now just click on "ACE Practice Tests" to launch the quiz. The quiz will open in a new window (so you may need to disable your pop-up blocker if you have one!). Answer away! The six textbooks listed below each contain between 25 and 30 chapters with very detailed multiple-choice quizzes, so there is tons of study material here. Again, these quizzes will be your go-to study resource as you cover different subjects in classand can also be used for more fine-tuned studying in the spring. The Earth and Its Peoples Traditions and Encounters Voyages in World History Societies, Networks, and Transitions A History of World Societies Patterns of World History Key Takeaways Because AP World History was just revised, there aren't that many up-to-date resources available. This primarily affects the practice questions available for the free-response section, since that's changed the most. There are both official College Board resources available to help you become familiar with the test format and feel, and unofficial resources to help you learn test content. You'll need to use a mix of both to succeed on the exam! But save most of the official resources for sometime in March or April when you know most of the material so you don't waste your limited official resources! What’s Next? Want to learn more about studying for AP World History? We have a detailed guide right here to plan out your studying over the whole school year. AP World History is pretty challenging, but is it the hardest AP class you can take? Get our lists of the hardest and easiest AP classes to see where it stacks up. Will you be taking the SAT or ACT soon? Not sure when to take the test? Learn the optimal time to take the SAT/ACT. Need to study fast? Learn how to cram for the SAT/ACT in just 10 days. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Meaning of Web 2.0 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Meaning of Web 2.0 - Essay Example According to the findings, Web 2.0 is a discipline in the use of World Wide Web technology that plans to support creativity, most notably, collaboration among all of its users. Web 2.0 has brought dynamic changes in our lives and not even this but it has changed the operations and structures of the businesses all over the world. Like the trend of online businesses has become very common and for this purpose different community sites are being used for marketing. Like Facebook is heavily used for this purpose. Ads and pages are developed for the businesses. This method considerably lower downs the cost of expenses at businesses. This technology has made everyone dependent on it and thus nobody can think to avoid it. The same medium is now used to socialize and communicate with the people. Facebook is a famous social networking site that provides the best platform to stay in touch with friends, colleagues, and others also. As in the busy routine of today, you hardly find time to get re lax so how would it be possible to arrange friends’ gatherings from time to time. But now these social sites have made it possible to stay in touch with all of your friends. LinkedIn and Twitter are also social networking sites which are famous for professional careers especially. One can build your profile and let it be open for the organization's job offers. Secondly one is free to choose more options with this method (Schick, 2005). The great thing about Web 2.0 is that by the social networking sites and the freelancing websites, the diverse cultures are coming closer. People from different countries wor,k for each other and have discussions over cultural issues. Besides the advantages of Web 2.0, there are also some risks involved with it like it has made us hugely dependent upon internet and if for any reason your server goes down then what will you do? Now all of the work is conducted over the internet, no paperwork is involved. So there is a big question mark in front of the risks involved with this method. Another negative thing about Web 2.0 is that the sharing has become very common and the copyrighted things are losing their value because of this. Music, Books, Videos, Movies, and others go into a loss when are being shared. The journalist Steven Johnson writes in his article Celebration of Web 2.0: â€Å"What may be lost when everyone is a potential expert and everyone is talking at once†Ã‚  

Leadership & Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership & Entrepreneurship - Essay Example But why do businesses really fail? Is it in the poor leadership skills of the manager? Or is it in the poor marketing forecasts? Business strategies that have worked decades ago may need to be reviewed for their effectiveness in an organization. With the present ever changing times, if a leader cannot adapt to change thinking that his business style which has worked for many years is enough, he may lose to competition (Sharp 1991). A degree in Business Management or Marketing can help entrepreneurs develop business or marketing strategies that can ensure the survival of businesses in today’s business world. These degrees can also help in the development of leadership skills that can make or break small to medium enterprises. But why is it important to acquire education or knowledge of management to become an effective entrepreneur? This relationship of leadership and entrepreneurship will be thoroughly discussed in the paper, giving implications of leadership in the development of an effective business enterprise. Also a comparison between two SME companies will be provided to serve as evidential examples for the analysis of the effect of leadership and its role in the entrepreneurial world. Likewise, the paper will discuss the close relationship of good governance in terms of profitability for sustainable businesses. The theories that may be applied and the possible errors that some leaders may commit that lead to the downfall of their businesses (Finch, 2003). The development and growth of the economy relies heavily on the sustainability of the entrepreneurial activities encompassing small, medium and large businesses. As such, developing economies look at entrepreneurship as a vital factor for its continued growth (Asel, 200). In lieu of the importance of entrepreneurship to economy, the role of leadership is also perceived otherwise as equally essential to the significance of entrepreneurship in building a sustainable