Linguistics research Essay

1. Linguistics Linguistics is gener eachy defined as the scientific reputation of wording. 2. Phonology The study of how sounds atomic descend 18 put together and employ in communication is called phonology. 3. Syntax The study of how morphemes and course atomic number 18 unite to welcome sentences is called syntax. . 4 Design features it tintred to the defining properties of man style that tell the dispute between tender-hearted lyric poem that tell the difference between human language and any establishment of savage communication. 5. Psycholinguistics The study of language with fibre to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.6. Language Language is a outline of coercive vocal symbols used for human communication. 7. Ph unitytics The study of sounds which argon used in linguistic communication is called ph singletics. 8. Morphology The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to nominate words is called morphology. 9. Parole it referred to t he actual phenomena or entropy of linguistics. V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for spokesperson if necessary 1. Language is generally defined as a system of lordly vocal symbols used for human communication.Explain it in detail. ?? premiere of all, language is a system, because Elements of language are com bined according to rules. Secondly, language is imperative because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have assorted words for the equivalent object in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language words are just Symbols they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by conven tion.Thirdly, language is vocal because the main(a) medium is sound for all languages, no matter how easy true their writing systems are. The term human in the definition i ndicates that language is have by human beings only and is very dissimilar from the communication systems of separate living creatures. The term communication federal agency that language makes it possible for its users to blither to each other and fulfill their commu nicative needs. 2. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples. 1) Arbitrariness ??As mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language sum that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no nec essary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as crash, slap in English.Besides, slightly compound words are also not en tirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unconditioned source of expressions. ?? 2) Productivity ?? Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they provide buoy produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have neer said or heard before.They scum bag send messages which no one else has ever sent before. Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. ?? 3) Duality ?? The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of complex body part, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the struct ure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds.But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or dou ble articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it. ?? 4) Displacement ?? Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are hand everywhere or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places.In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly expressed in response to immediate changes of situation. ?? 5) Cultural transmission ?? Human beings were natural with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically trans mitted. 3. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a historic study?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study the de scription of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language oer a period of time. 4. Why does modern linguistics regard the verbalize form of language as primary, not the written? ?? First, the spoken form is prior to the writ ten form and most writing systems are derived from ?? The spoken form of lan guage.Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposes finally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our bewilder tongue. 5. What are the major distinctions between langue and word? ?? The distinct, ion between langue, and parole was do by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the diddle linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the performance of the rules. Langue is abstract it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change much while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. ?? 6. (1) What if there were no language? ??(2) What if there were only one language the world over? ?? (3) What can we learn from this Bible story? ?? Language is powerful as a tool of human communication. ?? 7. (1) What measures do you suggest for protecting dialects as well as languages? ?? (2) Do you think that someday people all over the world will speak only one language, or someday no dialect will exist? ?? 8. Can our pets learn human languages? Why or why not? ?? No. They are genetically not endowed with the 9. What role does body language play in language commun